What is काष्ठ (Timber)?

Lakḍī (लकड़ी), or timber, encompasses various tree species utilized in Indic architecture as *kāṣṭha* (काष्ठ), *dāru* (दारु), and *imāratī lakaṛī* (इमारती लकड़ी) [1]. Sourced from forests across the Indian subcontinent, including the Western Ghats, Himalayan region, and Central India, timber's selection depends on desired properties. Teak (*Tectona grandis*) exhibits density of 600-750 kg/m³ and bending strength of 80-120 MPa, favored for its durability [2]. Sal (*Shorea robusta*) offers similar strength. Shisham (*Dalbergia sissoo*) also sees use. Traditional processing involves seasoning to reduce moisture content (12-18%) minimizing warping. Timber served as structural supports, roof beams, door frames, and decorative carvings in Mauryan, Gupta, and Vijayanagara architecture [3]. Conservation of heritage structures requires careful assessment of decay and appropriate wood preservatives. Understanding timber's material properties is crucial for restoration.

What type of material is काष्ठ (Timber)?

काष्ठ (Timber) is classified as Wood, Hardwood, Softwood, Natural Material, Organic Material, Natural Wood, Shisham, Teak, Seasoned Timber, Structural Material, Coniferous Wood, Seasoned Wood, Cellulosic Material. Key properties include Density: 600-750 kg/m³ (Teak), Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak), Moisture content: 12-15%.

What are the conservation considerations for काष्ठ (Timber)?

Conservation of काष्ठ (Timber) requires attention to Susceptible to termite attack and Requires regular oiling. Proper maintenance is essential for preserving heritage structures using this material.

काष्ठ (Timber) | Inheritage Foundation Art & Architecture Thesaurus | Inheritage Foundation

Name: काष्ठ (Timber)
Rating: 4.5 (5 reviews)
Author: Inheritage Foundation

Title	काष्ठ (Timber) 4.5/5(Based on 5 heritage sites) Uncommon Kāṣṭha Timber 4.5/5(Based on 5 heritage sites)
Description	Lakḍī (लकड़ी), or timber, encompasses various tree species utilized in Indic architecture as kāṣṭha (काष्ठ), dāru (दारु), and imāratī lakaṛī (इमारती लकड़ी) [1]. Sourced from forests across the Indian subcontinent, including the Western Ghats, Himalayan region, and Central India, timber's selection depends on desired properties. Teak (Tectona grandis) exhibits density of 600-750 kg/m³ and bending strength of 80-120 MPa, favored for its durability [2]. Sal (Shorea robusta) offers similar strength. Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) also sees use. Traditional processing involves seasoning to reduce moisture content (12-18%) minimizing warping. Timber served as structural supports, roof beams, door frames, and decorative carvings in Mauryan, Gupta, and Vijayanagara architecture [3]. Conservation of heritage structures requires careful assessment of decay and appropriate wood preservatives. Understanding timber's material properties is crucial for restoration.
Also Known As	Timber Kāṣṭha Timber Wood Lumber Construction Timber काष्ठ लकड़ी दारु इमारती लकड़ी மரக்கட்டை (Marakkaṭṭai) కలప (Kalapa) ಮರ (Mara) തടി (Taṭi)
Tags	काष्ठ Kāshtha Timber Wood Teak Sal Deodar Forest Carpentry Door Window Decay Shisham Beam Column Mughal Himalayan Cedar Seasoning Preservation Sagwan Himalayan Fir Wood Preservation Udayagiri Rosewood Kāṣṭha Termite Resistance लकड़ी Lakadee Roof Lakadi Organic Lakḍī Kashtha Sagaun
Material ID	`INHFMAT-476127236-20-11-25-LR`
URI	https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/timber
API Endpoint	`https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/timber`
Total Sites	5
Primary Sites	3
Created	November 20, 2025
Last Updated	November 28, 2025

External References

View on Getty AAT

Material Types

Types	Wood Hardwood Softwood Natural Material Organic Material Natural Wood Shisham Teak Seasoned Timber Structural Material Coniferous Wood Seasoned Wood Cellulosic Material

Regions

Regions	Western Ghats Himalayan region Central India Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Kerala West Bengal Haryana Punjab Himachal Pradesh Assam Northeast India Madhya Pradesh Himalayan Region Deccan Plateau Gangetic Plains Manipur Terai region Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Sikkim Uttarakhand Kerala (Teak) Maharashtra (Teak) Madhya Pradesh (Sal) Himalayan region (Deodar) various forest regions Gujarat

Western Ghats

Himalayan region

Central India

Arunachal Pradesh

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Kerala

West Bengal

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Assam

Northeast India

Madhya Pradesh

Himalayan Region

Deccan Plateau

Gangetic Plains

Manipur

Terai region

Uttar Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Sikkim

Uttarakhand

Kerala (Teak)

Maharashtra (Teak)

Madhya Pradesh (Sal)

Himalayan region (Deodar)

various forest regions

Gujarat

Historical Context

Time Periods	Ancient times Medieval Period CE Ancient Medieval Modern Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE) British Colonial Period (1757-1947) Ancient Period Vedic Period Mughal Period Colonial Period Mughal Period (1526-1857) Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE) 14th century CE 19th century CE Ancient Period BCE Medieval Period Modern Period CE Colonial Era Vijayanagara Period CE Ancient times - Present Modern times 17th century CE 14th-17th century CE Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646 CE) Qutb Shahi Dynasty Ancient Times
Dynasties	Maurya Gupta Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Chera Chola Kadamba Rajput Mughal Mauryan Tughlaq Dynasty Ghurid Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Ahom dynasty Ningthoukhongjamba dynasty Rana Dynasty Mauryan Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Mughal Dynasty Reddy Dynasty Maratha Ahom Meitei Hoysala Various Namgyal Dynasty Gajapati dynasty Qutb Shahi dynasty Qutb Shahi Chalukya

Time Periods

Ancient times

Medieval Period CE

Ancient

Medieval

Modern

Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE)

British Colonial Period (1757-1947)

Ancient Period

Vedic Period

Mughal Period

Colonial Period

Mughal Period (1526-1857)

Mughal Period (16th-18th century CE)

14th century CE

19th century CE

Ancient Period BCE

Medieval Period

Modern Period CE

Colonial Era

Vijayanagara Period CE

Ancient times - Present

Modern times

17th century CE

14th-17th century CE

Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646 CE)

Qutb Shahi Dynasty

Ancient Times

Dynasties

Maurya

Gupta

Vijayanagara Empire

Vijayanagara

Chera

Chola

Kadamba

Rajput

Mughal

Mauryan

Tughlaq Dynasty

Ghurid Dynasty

Khilji Dynasty

Ahom dynasty

Ningthoukhongjamba dynasty

Rana Dynasty

Mauryan Dynasty

Gupta Dynasty

Mughal Dynasty

Reddy Dynasty

Maratha

Ahom

Meitei

Hoysala

Various

Namgyal Dynasty

Gajapati dynasty

Qutb Shahi dynasty

Qutb Shahi

Chalukya

Geographic Sources

Sources	Forests in Western Ghats Himalayan forests Specific forest reserves Local forests in West Siang district Western Ghats forests Central Indian forests Forests of West Bengal Teak forests of South India Forests Plantations Local forests near Kurukshetra (historically) Timber markets Teak plantations Local forests in Dibang Valley (Sal, Teak, other hardwoods) Forests near Chanderi Teak plantations in Madhya Pradesh Forests of Western Ghats Forests of Western Ghats (Teak) Himalayan forests (Deodar) Central Indian forests (Sal) Forests in the Western Ghats Teak plantations in South India Forests across India Specific timber trade routes Local forests Riverine forests along the Yamuna Forests in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Manipur forests Assam forests specific local forests specific geographic sources Local forests in Terai region Local forests and plantations Local forests near Kondapalli Local forests near Bhalukpong Forests of Central India Specific forest concessions in Sikkim Western Ghats Specific timber yards specific forest regions Forests (various locations) Timber mills Forests (e.g., Western Ghats, Himalayan forests) Government auctions Teak forests (Maharashtra) Sal forests (Madhya Pradesh) Deodar forests (Himalayas) Teak plantations in Gujarat Local forests near Tashiding Local forests near Udayagiri Local forests in the Western Ghats Forests in the Deccan region Teak forests of Maharashtra and Karnataka Northeast India forests Teak forests of Maharashtra Sal forests of Madhya Pradesh Teak forests (Maharashtra, Kerala) Sal forests (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh) Deodar forests (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) Specific tree species

Sources

Forests in Western Ghats

Himalayan forests

Specific forest reserves

Local forests in West Siang district

Western Ghats forests

Central Indian forests

Forests of West Bengal

Teak forests of South India

Forests

Plantations

Local forests near Kurukshetra (historically)

Timber markets

Teak plantations

Local forests in Dibang Valley (Sal, Teak, other hardwoods)

Forests near Chanderi

Teak plantations in Madhya Pradesh

Forests of Western Ghats

Forests of Western Ghats (Teak)

Himalayan forests (Deodar)

Central Indian forests (Sal)

Forests in the Western Ghats

Teak plantations in South India

Forests across India

Specific timber trade routes

Local forests

Riverine forests along the Yamuna

Forests in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra

Manipur forests

Assam forests

specific local forests

specific geographic sources

Local forests in Terai region

Local forests and plantations

Local forests near Kondapalli

Local forests near Bhalukpong

Forests of Central India

Specific forest concessions in Sikkim

Western Ghats

Specific timber yards

specific forest regions

Forests (various locations)

Timber mills

Forests (e.g., Western Ghats, Himalayan forests)

Government auctions

Teak forests (Maharashtra)

Sal forests (Madhya Pradesh)

Deodar forests (Himalayas)

Teak plantations in Gujarat

Local forests near Tashiding

Local forests near Udayagiri

Local forests in the Western Ghats

Forests in the Deccan region

Teak forests of Maharashtra and Karnataka

Northeast India forests

Teak forests of Maharashtra

Sal forests of Madhya Pradesh

Teak forests (Maharashtra, Kerala)

Sal forests (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh)

Deodar forests (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand)

Specific tree species

Properties

Properties	Density: 600-750 kg/m³ (Teak) Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak) Moisture content: 12-15% Durability: High (Teak) Density: 550-800 kg/m³ Modulus of elasticity: 8-12 GPa Moisture content: 12-18% (seasoned) Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.18 W/mK Density: 600-850 kg/m³ Bending strength: 80-120 MPa Durability: High Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa Moisture content: 12-18% Thermal conductivity: 0.14-0.18 W/mK Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent) Bending strength: 40-150 MPa (species dependent) Moisture content: Varies Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/mK Density (Shisham): 770 kg/m³ Bending strength (Shisham): 104 MPa Moisture content: Varies with seasoning Density: 400-900 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa Density: 600-1000 kg/m³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (depending on species) Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ Bending strength: 70-100 MPa Density: 400-800 kg/m³ (species dependent) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (species dependent) Density: 350-800 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa Moisture content: Varies with species and seasoning Density: 500-1000 kg/m³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 60-120 MPa Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent) Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (species dependent) Moisture content: Variable Thermal conductivity: Low Shisham: Density: 770 kg/m³, Bending strength: 105 MPa, Modulus of elasticity: 12.3 GPa Teak: Density: 650 kg/m³, Bending strength: 100 MPa, Modulus of elasticity: 10 GPa Density: 0.6-0.9 g/cm³ Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa Bending strength: 50-120 MPa Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W/mK Sal: Density: 0.83 g/cm³, Bending strength: 90-120 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15% Teak: Density: 0.65 g/cm³, Bending strength: 70-100 MPa, Natural oil content: High Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa Density: 600-800 kg/m³ Thermal expansion coefficient: 3-6 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak) Bending strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak) Moisture content: 12-15% (Teak) Density: 550-800 kg/m³ (Teak), 650-900 kg/m³ (Sal), 450-600 kg/m³ (Deodar) Bending strength: 70-120 MPa (Teak) Durability: High (Teak, Sal), Moderate (Deodar) Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ Bending strength: 50-100 MPa Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (Sal) Density: 0.65-0.97 g/cm³ (Teak) Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa (Sal) Modulus of elasticity: 9-12 GPa (Teak) Moisture content: 12-15% (seasoned) Density: 400-800 kg/m³ Density: 500-580 kg/m³ Modulus of Rupture: 70-80 MPa Moisture Content: 12-15% Thermal Conductivity: 0.11 W/mK Tensile strength (along grain): 40-100 MPa Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species) Bending strength: 40-120 MPa (varies by species) Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak) Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/mK (Teak) Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (varies by species) Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (varies by species) Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.15 W/mK Density: 500-900 kg/m³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: 80-150 MPa Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Density (Teak): 600-750 kg/m³ Density (Sal): 800-1000 kg/m³ Bending strength: High Density: 350-540 kg/m³ (Himalayan Fir) Modulus of Elasticity: 8-12 GPa (Himalayan Fir) Moisture content: 12-15% (air-dried) Thermal conductivity: 0.11 W/mK Density: 500-800 kg/m³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa (depending on species) Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa (Teak) Density: 0.5-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: Varies widely Moisture content: Varies with humidity High tensile strength Good termite resistance Susceptible to fungal decay if untreated Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (depending on species) Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (varies by species) Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 80-130 MPa Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (depending on species) Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/m.K Density: 600-900 kg/m³ Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (depending on species) Durability: Varies

Density: 600-750 kg/m³ (Teak)

Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak)

Moisture content: 12-15%

Durability: High (Teak)

Density: 550-800 kg/m³

Modulus of elasticity: 8-12 GPa

Moisture content: 12-18% (seasoned)

Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.18 W/mK

Density: 600-850 kg/m³

Bending strength: 80-120 MPa

Durability: High

Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa

Moisture content: 12-18%

Thermal conductivity: 0.14-0.18 W/mK

Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent)

Bending strength: 40-150 MPa (species dependent)

Moisture content: Varies

Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/mK

Density (Shisham): 770 kg/m³

Bending strength (Shisham): 104 MPa

Moisture content: Varies with seasoning

Density: 400-900 kg/m³

Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa

Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa

Density: 600-1000 kg/m³ (depending on species)

Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (depending on species)

Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³

Bending strength: 70-100 MPa

Density: 400-800 kg/m³ (species dependent)

Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (species dependent)

Density: 350-800 kg/m³

Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa

Moisture content: Varies with species and seasoning

Density: 500-1000 kg/m³ (depending on species)

Bending strength: 60-120 MPa

Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent)

Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (species dependent)

Moisture content: Variable

Thermal conductivity: Low

Shisham: Density: 770 kg/m³, Bending strength: 105 MPa, Modulus of elasticity: 12.3 GPa

Teak: Density: 650 kg/m³, Bending strength: 100 MPa, Modulus of elasticity: 10 GPa

Density: 0.6-0.9 g/cm³

Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa

Bending strength: 50-120 MPa

Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W/mK

Sal: Density: 0.83 g/cm³, Bending strength: 90-120 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15%

Teak: Density: 0.65 g/cm³, Bending strength: 70-100 MPa, Natural oil content: High

Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa

Density: 600-800 kg/m³

Thermal expansion coefficient: 3-6 x 10^-6 /°C

Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak)

Bending strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak)

Moisture content: 12-15% (Teak)

Density: 550-800 kg/m³ (Teak), 650-900 kg/m³ (Sal), 450-600 kg/m³ (Deodar)

Bending strength: 70-120 MPa (Teak)

Durability: High (Teak, Sal), Moderate (Deodar)

Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³

Bending strength: 50-100 MPa

Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (Sal)

Density: 0.65-0.97 g/cm³ (Teak)

Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa (Sal)

Modulus of elasticity: 9-12 GPa (Teak)

Moisture content: 12-15% (seasoned)

Density: 400-800 kg/m³

Density: 500-580 kg/m³

Modulus of Rupture: 70-80 MPa

Moisture Content: 12-15%

Thermal Conductivity: 0.11 W/mK

Tensile strength (along grain): 40-100 MPa

Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species)

Bending strength: 40-120 MPa (varies by species)

Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak)

Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/mK (Teak)

Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (varies by species)

Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (varies by species)

Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.15 W/mK

Density: 500-900 kg/m³ (depending on species)

Tensile strength: 80-150 MPa

Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³

Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa

Density (Teak): 600-750 kg/m³

Density (Sal): 800-1000 kg/m³

Bending strength: High

Density: 350-540 kg/m³ (Himalayan Fir)

Modulus of Elasticity: 8-12 GPa (Himalayan Fir)

Moisture content: 12-15% (air-dried)

Thermal conductivity: 0.11 W/mK

Density: 500-800 kg/m³ (depending on species)

Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa (depending on species)

Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa (Teak)

Density: 0.5-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species)

Tensile strength: Varies widely

Moisture content: Varies with humidity

High tensile strength

Good termite resistance

Susceptible to fungal decay if untreated

Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (depending on species)

Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species)

Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (varies by species)

Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species)

Bending strength: 80-130 MPa

Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (depending on species)

Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/m.K

Density: 600-900 kg/m³

Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (depending on species)

Durability: Varies

Common Uses

Uses	Roof beams Door frames Window frames Carvings Structural supports Roofing structure Beams Columns Door and window frames Doors Windows Structural elements Roofing Doors and windows Scaffolding Decorative elements Roof framing Decorative carvings Roof structures Structural beams Rafters Ceiling panels Roofing structures Roof structure Structural framing Lintels Brackets Wall cladding Structural support Roof rafters Flooring Furniture Roof trusses

Uses

Roof beams

Door frames

Window frames

Carvings

Structural supports

Roofing structure

Beams

Columns

Door and window frames

Doors

Windows

Structural elements

Roofing

Doors and windows

Scaffolding

Decorative elements

Roof framing

Decorative carvings

Roof structures

Structural beams

Rafters

Ceiling panels

Roofing structures

Roof structure

Structural framing

Lintels

Brackets

Wall cladding

Structural support

Roof rafters

Flooring

Furniture

Roof trusses

Related Materials

Materials	लोहा - Lohā (Iron) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) तेल - Tel (Oil) बांस - Bāns (Bamboo) रस्सी - Rassī (Rope) वार्निश - Vārniś (Varnish) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) Lohā (Iron) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) बांस - Bānsa (Bamboo) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for joinery) Tile (for roofing) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for jointing Lohā (Iron) for fasteners ईंट - Īnt (Bricks) Shilā (Stone) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for plastering धातु - Dhātu (Metal) for joinery तेल - Tela (Oil) for preservation लाक्षा - Lākshā (Lac) तेल - Tela (Oil) राल - Rāla (Resin) (for waterproofing) मिट्टी - Mitti (Clay) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for joinery) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for fasteners) वार्निश - Varnish लाख - Lakh (Lac) Thatch शिला - Shilā (Stone) चूना - Chunā (Lime) लाख - Lākh (Lac) Lohā (Iron) fasteners Stone ईंट - Īṇṭa (Brick) धातु की कील - Dhātu Kee Keel (Metal Nails) रोगन - Rogan (Varnish) पत्थर - Patthar (Stone) धातु की कील - Dhātu kī kīl (Metal Nails)

Materials

लोहा - Lohā (Iron)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)

तेल - Tel (Oil)

बांस - Bāns (Bamboo)

रस्सी - Rassī (Rope)

वार्निश - Vārniś (Varnish)

ईंट - Īnt (Brick)

Lohā (Iron)

सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)

बांस - Bānsa (Bamboo)

लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for joinery)

Tile (for roofing)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for jointing

Lohā (Iron) for fasteners

ईंट - Īnt (Bricks)

Shilā (Stone)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for plastering

धातु - Dhātu (Metal) for joinery

तेल - Tela (Oil) for preservation

लाक्षा - Lākshā (Lac)

तेल - Tela (Oil)

राल - Rāla (Resin) (for waterproofing)

मिट्टी - Mitti (Clay)

चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for joinery)

लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for fasteners)

वार्निश - Varnish

लाख - Lakh (Lac)

Thatch

शिला - Shilā (Stone)

चूना - Chunā (Lime)

लाख - Lākh (Lac)

Lohā (Iron) fasteners

Stone

ईंट - Īṇṭa (Brick)

धातु की कील - Dhātu Kee Keel (Metal Nails)

रोगन - Rogan (Varnish)

पत्थर - Patthar (Stone)

धातु की कील - Dhātu kī kīl (Metal Nails)

Related Styles

Styles	Kerala architecture style Gujarati architecture style All Indic architectural styles Bengal architecture Kerala architecture Colonial architecture Nagara architecture style Himachali Kath-Kuni architecture Vernacular architecture of Northeast India Indo-Islamic architecture style Rajput architecture style Nepali pagoda architecture Vernacular architecture Himalayan architecture style Temple architecture Mughal architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Vernacular architecture style Nepali architecture Indo-Nepalese architecture Mughal architecture style Kakatiya architecture style Vijayanagara architecture style Himalayan architecture Tibetan architecture style Gujarati architecture Kashmiri architecture Traditional Indian architecture Tibetan Buddhist architecture Hoysala architecture Vijayanagara architecture Deccan architecture Deccan architecture style Nepali architecture style Hoysala architecture style Himachali architecture

Styles

Kerala architecture style

Gujarati architecture style

All Indic architectural styles

Bengal architecture

Kerala architecture

Colonial architecture

Nagara architecture style

Himachali Kath-Kuni architecture

Vernacular architecture of Northeast India

Indo-Islamic architecture style

Rajput architecture style

Nepali pagoda architecture

Vernacular architecture

Himalayan architecture style

Temple architecture

Mughal architecture

Indo-Islamic architecture

Vernacular architecture style

Nepali architecture

Indo-Nepalese architecture

Mughal architecture style

Kakatiya architecture style

Vijayanagara architecture style

Himalayan architecture

Tibetan architecture style

Gujarati architecture

Kashmiri architecture

Traditional Indian architecture

Tibetan Buddhist architecture

Hoysala architecture

Vijayanagara architecture

Deccan architecture

Deccan architecture style

Nepali architecture style

Hoysala architecture style

Himachali architecture

Related Categories

Categories	Temple Residential Buildings Palace Residential Fort Public Buildings House Chariot Residential buildings Temples Ratha Palaces Forts Roof Door Rathas Monastery Mandapa Carriage Window Carriages Pavilion Pavilions

Conservation Notes

Notes	Susceptible to termite attack Requires regular oiling Prone to warping and cracking Susceptible to insect infestation (termites, beetles) Requires regular treatment with preservatives Vulnerable to fungal decay in damp conditions Requires seasoning Prone to decay in damp conditions Susceptible to fungal decay and insect infestation Requires proper seasoning and preservation treatments Vulnerable to fire damage Susceptible to decay Requires treatment with preservatives Vulnerable to insect attack Susceptible to insect infestation (termites) Requires regular treatment with natural oils (linseed oil) Monitor for fungal decay Susceptible to insect attack Protection from moisture Susceptible to insect attack (termites, beetles) Vulnerable to fungal decay Prone to moisture damage Decay due to moisture Susceptible to insect attack (termites, wood borers) Requires regular treatment with natural oils (linseed oil, neem oil) Susceptible to insect attack and fungal decay Dimensional changes due to moisture fluctuations Susceptible to insect infestation (termites, wood borers) Vulnerable to decay due to moisture Susceptible to termite infestation and fungal decay Moisture control is crucial Requires regular oiling and varnishing Prone to fungal decay in humid conditions Treatment with preservatives like coal tar or copper sulfate Susceptible to fungal decay Vulnerable to termite infestation Use of traditional oil-based preservatives Prone to warping and cracking due to moisture variations Requires preservative treatments Decay and rot Dimensional changes due to moisture Requires preservative treatment Requires regular treatment with preservatives (e.g., neem oil) Replacement of decayed sections Requires proper seasoning Prone to decay in humid conditions Susceptible to insect infestation Vulnerable to moisture damage Susceptible to termite infestation Insect infestation (termites) Susceptible to insect attack (termites) Monitor for fungal growth Susceptible to decay and insect attack Proper ventilation is essential Termite attack is a major threat Maintain proper ventilation Requires treatment with borate-based preservatives Vulnerable to moisture damage and rot Replacement with compatible timber species Requires proper seasoning and preservation Treatment with natural oils or preservatives Susceptible to termite attack and fungal decay Dimensional stability issues Susceptible to insect infestation and fungal decay Maintain proper ventilation to prevent moisture buildup Insect attack Moisture damage Susceptible to fungal decay and insect attack Prone to decay Vulnerable to fire Protect from moisture Maintaining proper ventilation is crucial

Notes

Susceptible to termite attack
Requires regular oiling
Prone to warping and cracking
Susceptible to insect infestation (termites, beetles)
Requires regular treatment with preservatives
Vulnerable to fungal decay in damp conditions
Requires seasoning
Prone to decay in damp conditions
Susceptible to fungal decay and insect infestation
Requires proper seasoning and preservation treatments
Vulnerable to fire damage
Susceptible to decay
Requires treatment with preservatives
Vulnerable to insect attack
Susceptible to insect infestation (termites)
Requires regular treatment with natural oils (linseed oil)
Monitor for fungal decay
Susceptible to insect attack
Protection from moisture
Susceptible to insect attack (termites, beetles)
Vulnerable to fungal decay
Prone to moisture damage
Decay due to moisture
Susceptible to insect attack (termites, wood borers)
Requires regular treatment with natural oils (linseed oil, neem oil)
Susceptible to insect attack and fungal decay
Dimensional changes due to moisture fluctuations
Susceptible to insect infestation (termites, wood borers)
Vulnerable to decay due to moisture
Susceptible to termite infestation and fungal decay
Moisture control is crucial
Requires regular oiling and varnishing
Prone to fungal decay in humid conditions
Treatment with preservatives like coal tar or copper sulfate
Susceptible to fungal decay
Vulnerable to termite infestation
Use of traditional oil-based preservatives
Prone to warping and cracking due to moisture variations
Requires preservative treatments
Decay and rot
Dimensional changes due to moisture
Requires preservative treatment
Requires regular treatment with preservatives (e.g., neem oil)
Replacement of decayed sections
Requires proper seasoning
Prone to decay in humid conditions
Susceptible to insect infestation
Vulnerable to moisture damage
Susceptible to termite infestation
Insect infestation (termites)
Susceptible to insect attack (termites)
Monitor for fungal growth
Susceptible to decay and insect attack
Proper ventilation is essential
Termite attack is a major threat
Maintain proper ventilation
Requires treatment with borate-based preservatives
Vulnerable to moisture damage and rot
Replacement with compatible timber species
Requires proper seasoning and preservation
Treatment with natural oils or preservatives
Susceptible to termite attack and fungal decay
Dimensional stability issues
Susceptible to insect infestation and fungal decay
Maintain proper ventilation to prevent moisture buildup
Insect attack
Moisture damage
Susceptible to fungal decay and insect attack
Prone to decay
Vulnerable to fire
Protect from moisture
Maintaining proper ventilation is crucial

Recommended Sources

Title	Type	Notes
Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses	Book	Comprehensive guide to Indian timber species
Forest Research Institute Reports	Technical Report	Timber properties
IS 883: Code of Practice for Use of Structural Timber in General Building Construction	Indian Standard	Timber construction guidelines
Indian Forest Records	Technical Report	Wood properties
Indian Forest Research Institute Publications	Technical Report	Timber properties and preservation
Handbook on Timber Engineering	Technical Manual	Timber properties and usage
Handbook of Indian Woods	Book	Properties and uses of Indian timber species
Forest Survey of India Reports	Technical Report	Timber properties and usage
Handbook on Wood Preservation	Technical Guide	Wood preservation techniques
FRI Dehradun Reports	Technical Report	Timber identification and preservation
Indian Forest Management	Forestry Report	Timber species and properties
Indian Forest Research Institute Reports	Technical Report	Timber properties and preservation techniques
Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses	Book	Timber properties
Forest Research Institute Reports	Technical Report	Timber properties
Indian Forest Management	Forestry Report	Sustainable timber harvesting
FRI Dehradun Reports	Research Report	Timber properties and preservation
Forest Research Institute Publications	Technical Report	Timber properties and preservation
Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material	Book	Properties and uses of timber
Forest Survey of India Reports	Government Publication	Timber resources
Indian Forest Research Institute Publications	Technical Report	Timber properties and preservation
Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses	Book	Timber species and their properties
Indian Woods	Forestry Research	Properties of Indian timber species
Forest Research Institute Reports	Technical Report	Timber properties
Indian Forest Research Institute Reports	Technical Report	Detailed information on Indian timber species and their properties

Heritage Sites (5)

Site Name	Status	Confidence
Parasnath Jain Temple Shikharji	Primary	100%
Sri Nagara Thandayuthapani Temple George Town Penang	Primary	100%
Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple Klang Selangor	Primary	100%
Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple Penang	Secondary	100%
Malinithan Temple Likabali	Secondary	100%

काष्ठ (Timber)