| Title | काष्ठ (Wood)Rare Kāṣṭha Wood |
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| Description | तടി (Taṭi), or wood, is a fundamental organic construction material in Indic heritage architecture, derived from various tree species across the subcontinent. Its composition is primarily cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose [3]. Traditional sources include forests of the Western Ghats (Teak), Himalayas (Deodar), and Central India (Sal). Physical properties vary: Teak (सागौन) density is 600-700 kg/m³ with bending strength of 80-100 MPa, while Sal (शालकाष्ठ) has a density of 800-1000 kg/m³ [4]. Seasoning reduces moisture content (12-15%), enhancing dimensional stability. Historically, wood was extensively used from the Mauryan Period (3rd century BCE) through the Mughal Period for structural beams, doors, windows, and decorative carvings [5]. Traditional construction methods involved joinery techniques documented in ancient texts. Heritage sites like temples in South India and wooden architecture in Kashmir Valley showcase its enduring use [6]. Conservation requires addressing decay and insect infestation. Sanskrit terms include काष्ठ (kāṣṭha), दारु (dāru), and लकड़ी (lakḍī) [7]. References: [3] Forest Research Institute Dehradun archives [4] IS 399:1963 Classification of Commercial Timbers and Their Zonal Distribution [5] Archaeological Survey of India reports [6] Relevant UNESCO World Heritage Site documentation [7] Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier Monier-Williams |
| Also Known As | Wood Kāṣṭha Wood Timber Lumber काष्ठ लकड़ी दारु शालकाष्ठ सागौन देवदार तടി (Taṭi) மரம் (Maram) చెక్క (Chekka) ಮರ (Mara) |
| Tags | काष्ठ Kāshtha Wood Timber Teak Sal Deodar Decay Carving Rosewood Insects Forest Carpentry Termites Uttarakhand Preservation Ahom Chir Pine Badrinath Temple Seasoning Wood Preservation Sagwan Cedar Wood Carving Himalayan Wood Hardwood Juniper Poplar Kashtha Almora Rajasthan Kerala Sāgaun Dambulla Wood carving Himalayas Cellulose Himalayan Fir Structural Himalayan Pine Telangana Pine Fir सागौन शीशम Assam Himalayan Cedar Jackwood Lignin Organic Termite Khejri Doors Windows Lumber Beam Bamboo Wood Preservatives Kizil Caves Xinjiang Kuqa Structure Structural Material Kail Structural Element Sāgwan Shisham Rafters Joinery Ming-Öy Muktinath Woodworking Meghalaya Sheesham Woodcarving Tibet सागवान Sāgavāna साल Sāl Sikkim Maharashtra Himalayan forests Neelum Valley Tawang Decay resistance Carvings Karachi Yamchun Kāṣṭha Kashta Daru Vellore Fort लकड़ी Lakadee Sagavana Lakadi Lakdi Lakḍī Lakaḍī Lakੜī Willow स्थूण Sthuna Marakkaṭṭai மரம் Maram Kerala Architecture |
| Material ID | INHFMAT-743864203-20-11-25-TD |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/material/wood |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/materials/wood |
| Total Sites | 1 |
| Primary Sites | 0 |
| Created | November 20, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 28, 2025 |
| Types | Softwood Hardwood Organic Material Wood Cellulosic Material Teak Sal Deodar Rosewood Plant-based Material Coniferous Wood Timber Natural Material Seasoned Timber Teakwood Structural Material Cellulose Material Seasoned Wood Plant Tissue Cellulose Lignin Structural Timber Lumber Cellulose-based Material Bamboo Himalayan Cedar (Deodar) Pine Cedar Himalayan Cedar Teak (Tectona grandis) Sal (Shorea robusta) Deodar (Cedrus deodara) Himalayan Pine Organic Plant-based Lignocellulosic Material |
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| Regions | Western Ghats Himalayas Central India Central Province, Sri Lanka Kerala Karnataka Himalayan region Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Deccan Plateau Central Asia Himalayan Region South India Uttarakhand Eastern Ghats Assam Northeast India Himachal Pradesh Bamiyan Province, Afghanistan Odisha Tripura West Bengal Telangana Jammu and Kashmir Arunachal Pradesh Himalayan foothills Fergana Valley Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Various forests across India Andhra Pradesh Specific forest regions Meghalaya Rajasthan Sri Lanka Chhattisgarh Gujarat Tibet Nagaland Sikkim Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan Western Ghats (Teak) Himalayas (Deodar) Central India (Sal) Tamil Nadu Hisor region, Tajikistan Nepal Bengal Uttar Pradesh Manipur Xinjiang Punjab Haryana Bihar Jharkhand Kashmir Valley Sindh various forest regions India Southeast Asia Karnataka (Western Ghats) Myanmar Gorno-Badakhshan Various regions depending on species (e.g., Teak in Maharashtra, Karnataka; Sal in Eastern India) Pan-India Pan-Indian Khatlon Region, Tajikistan River valleys Tamil Nadu forests Kerala forests Throughout India and Sri Lanka Tropical regions of Sri Lanka |
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| Time Periods | 3rd century BCE Medieval Period CE Mughal Period Ancient times Colonial Period Ancient Medieval Modern Ancient Period Colonial Period CE 16th century CE Ancient Times Vedic Period Medieval Period 17th-18th century CE 18th Century CE 19th Century CE 20th Century CE 8th century CE onwards 6th-7th century CE 17th century CE 15th century CE Early Medieval Mughal Period (1526-1857 CE) Ahom Dynasty Period Modern Period CE Modern Era Ancient Period BCE 15th Century CE onwards Ancient times - Present Modern Construction 14th Century CE Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE) 1st century CE 2nd century CE Modern Period 16th Century CE 2nd-5th century CE 21st Century CE 16th-19th century CE 8th-13th century CE Rajput Period 12th Century CE Kalachuri Period 17th Century CE 7th century CE onwards Sikh Period Vijayanagara Period 1st-3rd century CE 8th century CE Later Renovations 4th-8th century CE 9th century CE onwards 6th-8th century CE 10th-11th century CE 5th-8th century CE (Sirpur) Maratha Period Medieval Period (600-1800 CE) British Colonial Period Ancient India Ongoing 1897-1902 CE 16th-18th century CE Rajput Era Ahom Kingdom (1228-1826) Ancient Period CE Mauryan Period (322-185 BCE) Gupta Period (320-550 CE) 7th century CE 13th century CE Yuan Dynasty 15th Century CE 6th-12th century CE 11th century CE 12th century CE Kalachuri period Colonial Era 11th Century CE Ahom Dynasty 18th century CE Ancient - Present Mauryan Period Ahom Period (1228-1826) 15th century CE onwards Vijayanagara Empire Pre-17th Century 9th century CE 10th century CE Chola Period (9th-13th century CE) Nayaka Period (16th-17th century CE) Hellenistic Period (3rd-2nd century BCE) Medieval Period (8th-18th century CE) Chola Period Chola Period CE Nayaka Period CE |
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| Dynasties | Maurya Gupta Mughal Vijayanagara Maurya Dynasty Gupta Dynasty Mughal Empire Various dynasties Maratha Empire British Raj Rajput Chand Dynasty Chera Dynasty Travancore Kingdom Vijayanagara Empire Mauryan Dynasty Mughal Dynasty Maurya Empire Gupta Empire Chola Dynasty Mauryan Chola Ahom dynasty Travancore Adi Shankara (establishment) Katoch dynasty Likely local rulers under Kushan influence Mysore Wodeyars Chera Likely local Tripuri Kingdom Nayakas Qutb Shahi dynasty Local Rulers Maratha Manikya dynasty Sikh Empire Rajput Kingdoms Ahom Dynasty Rajput clans Anuradhapura Kingdom Polonnaruwa Kingdom Chalukya Hoysala Local rulers Gond dynasty Kadamba Solanki Nayaka Dynasty Asaf Jahi dynasty Kushan Satavahana Kakatiya Yadava Dynasty Pala dynasty Koch dynasty Local Rulers of Kullu Valley Pandya Local Tajik rulers Katyuri dynasty Sikh Kalachuri Dynasty Kalachuri dynasty Malla Dynasty Gorkha Dynasty Yarlung Dynasty Ahom All dynasties Katoch Dynasty Kandyan Meitei All Kucha Kingdom Various dynasties of Karnataka Delhi Sultanate Chamba Kingdom Somavamshi dynasty Panduvamshi dynasty Shekhawati Rajput British Cochin Royal Family Travancore Royal Family Kadamba Dynasty Himalayan Kingdoms Wodeyar Dynasty Kullu Kingdom Jaintia Kingdom Jaintia Kings Paramara dynasty All dynasties, depending on regional availability Namgyal Dynasty Fifth Dalai Lama's Reign Ganga Dynasty Bundela Rajputs Tibetan Empire Sakya Dynasty Ningthoukhongjamba Dynasty Karkota Dynasty Utpala Dynasty Kalachuri Hoysala Dynasty Various Eastern Ganga Dynasty Chaulukya dynasty Adi Shankara lineage Portuguese British East India Company Tripura Kingdom Gond Mauryan Empire Chudasama dynasty Gujarat Sultanate Various dynasties depending on region Pala Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Nayaka |
| Sources | Forests in Western Ghats Himalayan forests Local forests near Adam's Peak Western Ghats forests Forests Timber yards Teak forests in Kerala and Karnataka Sal forests in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Deodar forests in Himachal Pradesh Plantations Local forests Teak forests of Western Ghats Sal forests of Central India Deodar forests of Himalayas Forests of Madhya Pradesh specific geographic sources Local forests near Almora Kerala forests Karnataka forests Forests of Western Ghats Specific regional forests Forests of the Western Ghats Central Indian forests Forests in the region Timber markets Local forests in Assam Forests in Himachal Pradesh Local forests near Badrinath Local forests in Kangra Valley Local poplar and willow trees specific timber depots in Karnataka Specific forests in Odisha Teak plantations Local forests in Tripura Forests in Adilabad district Forests in Warangal district Specific forest reserves in Himachal Teak forests of Maharashtra Specific forest reserves in Arunachal Pradesh Local forests near Qala-i Khumb Sal forests of Madhya Pradesh Forests in the Western Ghats Local forests in Tehri Garhwal Local forests in Eastern Ghats Local forests near Charaideo (Sal and Teak forests) Local forests in Meghalaya Local forests near Almora, Uttarakhand specific forest regions Forests in the Western Ghats and Himalayan foothills Forests near Dantewada Teak forests in Bastar region Sal forests in Chhattisgarh Forests in the Garhwal region Specific timber yards Forests in Northeast India Local forests near Dimapur Specific teak plantations Specific forest concessions in Sikkim Local forests near Termez Local forests in Sikkim Sawmills Specific forest reserves Specific tree species Local forests (specific locations unknown) Teak forests of Maharashtra and Karnataka Local forests near Bomdila Local Kerala forests Local forests in Sikkim and surrounding regions Northeast Indian forests Himalayan forests surrounding Manali Kullu Valley forests Local timber yards Local forests near Hisor Western Ghats forests (Teak) Himalayan forests (Deodar) Central Indian forests (Sal) Local forests near Jageshwar Local forests in Nagaland Imported timber from other regions Specific forest ranges in Himachal Local forests in Chhattisgarh Specific forest reserves in Uttarakhand Forests in the Himalayan foothills Local Tibetan forests Forests across India Specific teak forests in Maharashtra and Kerala Local timber markets Western Ghat forests Teak forests of Madhya Pradesh Specific timber depots Sal forests in Central India Local forests in Tripura and surrounding regions Government timber depots Forests of Western Ghats (Teak) Local forests in the Himalayan region Forests near the Eastern and Western Ghats Specific timber merchants Local forests in Uttar Pradesh Forests of Assam Western Ghats Local forests in Uttarakhand Forests in Kerala, Karnataka, and Sri Lanka Specific teak forests in Maharashtra Local forests in Kashmir valley Forests in Western Ghats (Teak) Himalayan foothills (Sal) Bamboo groves in Northeast India Forests in Sikkim and surrounding regions Forests in West Bengal and surrounding regions Specific timber depots in the area Local forests near Kizil Forests in Western Ghats, Karnataka Teak forests in Western Ghats Deodar forests in Himalayas Local forests near Kuqa Forests of Meghalaya Local forests near Chamba Forests in Western Ghats and Himalayas Local sawmills Timber merchants specific teak and sal forests Forests of Karnataka Forests of Kerala Local forests and timber merchants Imported from nearby regions Forests of Bihar Local timber merchants Teak forests of Central India specific forest reserves Nilgiri Hills Local forests in East Khasi Hills Dehradun forests local forests Local forests near Ming-Öy Nilgiri forests Local forests near Mustang, Nepal Burma (for Teak) Northeast India forests Himalayan forests surrounding Kullu Valley Local forests near Nartiang Forests of Rajasthan Deodar forests of Himachal Pradesh Forests near Pauri Garhwal Forests of Assam and surrounding regions Managed teak plantations Teak forests in Maharashtra Sal forests in Madhya Pradesh Local forests near Omkareshwar Nilgiri Hills forests Local forests of Arunachal Pradesh Forests near settlements Timber trade routes Teak forests (Western Ghats) Sal forests (Central India) Local forests in Rajasthan Timber markets in Jodhpur Forests in Gujarat Local sawmills in Sikkim Forests in Southern Tibet and Bhutan Teak forests in Kerala Eastern Ghats forests Forests surrounding Pelling, Sikkim Local forests near Rajgir Chotanagpur Plateau forests Forests of Maharashtra Local Himalayan forests Teak forests of Kerala Forests in Kerala Timber mills in Kerala Local forests in the Himalayan foothills Local forests of Manipur Specific tree species locations Himalayan forests near Lhasa Local forests in Neelum Valley Higher altitude forests Local forests near Kanker Teak forests of Bastar Forests (e.g., teak forests in Maharashtra, sal forests in Madhya Pradesh) Timber mills Local forests near Pasighat Specific timber concessions Forests (e.g., Western Ghats, Himalayan forests) Local Sindh forests (if any) Specific timber plantations Local forests in Gujarat Timber plantations Local forests in Himachal Pradesh Local forests in Tehri Garhwal region Teak plantations in Kerala Sal forests of Bengal Forests in the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Central India Managed plantations Forests of Central India Specific geographic sources Local forests near Tawang specific local sources Teak plantations in Maharashtra Teak forests in the Western Ghats Deodar forests in the Himalayas Local forests in Arunachal Pradesh Local Sindh forests or imported from nearby regions Local forests near Yamchun Forests of Uttarakhand Teak forests of Karnataka Rosewood plantations of Kerala Specific timber reserves Forests near Vellore Western Ghats forests (Teak, Rosewood) Himalayan forests (Deodar, Pine) Deccan Plateau forests Forests in Andhra Pradesh Western Ghats (Teak) Himalayan region (Deodar) Forests in various regions of India Forests in Gujarat and Central India Forests in Telangana Local forests and timber suppliers Riverine forests along the Oxus River Rosewood plantations in Tamil Nadu Local forests in Tamil Nadu Local forests near Thiruketheeswaram Specific teak plantations in Kerala |
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| Properties | Density (Teak): 600-700 kg/m³ Compressive strength (Teak): 50-70 MPa Moisture content: 12-15% Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W/mK Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ Bending strength: 50-80 MPa Density: 0.6-1.0 g/cm³ Bending strength: 80-130 MPa Moisture content: Varies Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.15 W/mK Density: 400-1000 kg/m³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 40-150 MPa (depending on species) Moisture content: Variable Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/mK Teak density: 600-800 kg/m³ Sal density: 800-1000 kg/m³ Moisture content: Varies with species and seasoning Tensile strength: Varies with species Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species) Compressive strength: varies by species Tensile strength: varies by species Moisture content: varies with environment Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ Bending strength: 30-120 MPa Moisture content: 12-18% Density: 550-800 kg/m³ Bending strength: 50-120 MPa Durability: Variable Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak) Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (Teak) Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W/mK (Teak) Density: Deodar 0.55-0.65 g/cm³, Sal 0.8-0.9 g/cm³ Bending strength: Deodar 70-100 MPa, Sal 90-120 MPa Moisture content: 12-15% (air-dried) Density: 0.5-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (depending on species) Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.18 W/mK Density: 400-900 kg/m³ (depending on species) Moisture content: Varies with environment Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (species dependent) Thermal conductivity: Low Moisture content (variable) Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/mK (Teak) Density: 600-800 kg/m³ (Teak) Bending strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak) Natural decay resistance Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (depending on species) Sal: Density: 0.83 g/cm³, Bending strength: 100 MPa Teak: Density: 0.65 g/cm³, Bending strength: 80 MPa Teak: Density: 600-700 kg/m³, Bending strength: 80-100 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15% Rosewood: Density: 800-900 kg/m³, Bending strength: 100-120 MPa, Moisture content: 10-12% Density: 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ Bending strength: 70-80 MPa Density: 0.45-0.65 g/cm³ Tensile strength: 60-100 MPa Modulus of elasticity: 8-12 GPa Density: 0.5-0.9 g/cm³ Bending strength: 50-90 MPa Moisture content: 12-15% (seasoned) Density: 0.3-0.5 g/cm³ Moisture content affects strength Susceptible to decay and insect infestation Tensile strength: 80-100 MPa (Teak) Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa (Teak) Teak density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ Teak bending strength: 80-120 MPa Sal density: 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Moisture content: Varies with seasoning Density (Sal): 0.83 g/cm³ Bending strength (Sal): 80-100 MPa Density (Teak): 0.65 g/cm³ Moisture content: Varies with humidity Density: 560 kg/m³ Compressive strength: 45 MPa Modulus of Elasticity: 10 GPa Thermal conductivity: 0.11 W/mK Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (varies by species) Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (varies by species) Bending strength: 70-100 MPa Natural resistance to decay Density: 490-530 kg/m³ (Deodar) Tensile strength: 50-70 MPa (Deodar) Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (variable) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (variable) Density: 400-900 kg/m³ Density: 0.35-0.7 g/cm³ Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa Compressive strength: 20-60 MPa Density: 600-1000 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa Decay resistance: Variable Tensile strength: 40-150 MPa (depending on species) Density: 0.55-0.75 g/cm³ (Teak) Moisture content: Varies with species and environment Density: 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ Modulus of elasticity: 10-14 GPa Density (Deodar): 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ Bending strength (Deodar): 70-80 MPa Density (Sal): 0.8-0.9 g/cm³ Bending strength (Sal): 90-100 MPa Density (Teak): 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ Bending strength (Teak): 80-120 MPa Density (Rosewood): 0.75-0.85 g/cm³ Bending strength (Rosewood): 90-130 MPa Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 50-120 MPa (depending on species) Density: 650-800 kg/m³ (Sal) Density: 600-750 kg/m³ (Teak) Bending strength: 70-120 MPa (Sal) Density: 0.56-0.8 g/cm³ Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/mK Density (Deodar): 0.55-0.65 g/cm³ Density (Chir Pine): 0.45-0.55 g/cm³ Modulus of elasticity (Deodar): 9-12 GPa Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent) Tensile strength: 40-150 MPa (species dependent) Flexural strength: 50-200 MPa (species dependent) Thermal expansion coefficient: 3-6 x 10^-6 /°C Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (depending on species) Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (depending on species) Density: 0.5-0.9 g/cm³ (Teak) Tensile strength: 80-150 MPa (Teak) Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/m.K Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (Teak) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (Teak) Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W/(m·K) Density: 600-700 kg/m³ (Teak), 800-1000 kg/m³ (Sal) Bending strength: 80-100 MPa (Teak), 90-120 MPa (Sal) Thermal conductivity: 0.14-0.17 W/mK Density: 600-950 kg/m³ Bending strength Compressive strength Resistance to decay Density: 500-900 kg/m³ Bending strength: 60-140 MPa Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Moisture content: 12-15%, Durability: High Sal: Density: 0.8-1.0 g/cm³, Moisture content: 10-14%, Durability: Very High Density: 0.55-0.65 g/cm³ Bending strength: 70-90 MPa Natural insect resistance Density: 600-900 kg/m³ (depending on species) Density: 640-720 kg/m³ (Teak) Modulus of Elasticity: 10-12 GPa (Teak) Moisture Content: 12-15% (Seasoned) Thermal Conductivity: 0.17 W/mK (Teak) Density: 0.35-0.70 g/cm³ Tensile strength: 40-100 MPa Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa Density: 400-1200 kg/m³ (species dependent) Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (species dependent) Density (Sal): 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Moisture content: 10-20% Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ Bending strength: 50-100 MPa Density: 550-750 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 80-100 MPa Modulus of elasticity: 10-12 GPa Natural oil content provides water resistance Density: 350-700 kg/m³ (depending on species) Moisture content: 12-18% (seasoned) Density: 550-750 kg/m³ (Teak) Density: 0.6-0.9 g/cm³ (Teak) Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa (Teak) Tensile strength: 50-120 MPa (depending on species) Bending strength: 40-100 MPa (depending on species) Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (Teak), 60-180 MPa (Sal), 80-200 MPa (Rosewood) Density: 600-800 kg/m³ (Teak), 700-900 kg/m³ (Sal), 800-1000 kg/m³ (Rosewood) Moisture content: 12-15% (Seasoned Wood) Bending strength: 40-150 MPa (species dependent) Tensile strength: Teak 80-140 MPa, Rosewood 100-150 MPa Density: Teak 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Rosewood 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Density: 350-1200 kg/m³ Bending strength: 40-120 MPa Density: 600-900 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa Susceptible to decay and insect attack Density: 560-800 kg/m³ Modulus of Elasticity: 10-14 GPa Termite resistance: High Density: 0.35-0.5 g/cm³ Tensile strength: 40-70 MPa Tensile strength: Varies Density: 600-700 kg/m³ (Teak) Moisture content: 12-15% (Seasoned) Density (Rosewood): 800-850 kg/m³ Bending strength (Teak): 90-120 MPa Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa Tensile strength (Sal): 80-100 MPa Density: 500-580 kg/m³ Modulus of Elasticity: 9-12 GPa Moisture Content: 12-15% Thermal Conductivity: 0.11 W/mK Density: 400-700 kg/m³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: 40-100 MPa (depending on species) Bending strength: 80-120 MPa Density: 0.6-0.7 g/cm³ (Teak) Moisture content: 10-15% (Seasoned) Density: 400-1000 kg/m³ Bending strength: 60-180 MPa Modulus of Elasticity (Deodar): 9-12 GPa Modulus of Elasticity (Sal): 12-15 GPa Termite resistance: Good (Teak) Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ (depending on species) Density: 500-550 kg/m³ (Deodar), 480-530 kg/m³ (Chir Pine) Modulus of Elasticity: 9-12 GPa (Deodar), 8-11 GPa (Chir Pine) Durability: High Thermal conductivity: 0.15-0.2 W/mK Density: 500-700 kg/m³ Modulus of Elasticity: 8-12 GPa Thermal Conductivity: 0.12-0.15 W/mK Density: 0.45-0.65 g/cm³ (Deodar) Modulus of elasticity: 8-12 GPa (Deodar) Density: 550-800 kg/m³ (Teak) Tensile strength: 60-100 MPa (Teak) Density: 500-800 kg/m³ (varies by species) Density: 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ (Deodar), 0.8-0.9 g/cm³ (Sal) Modulus of elasticity: 9-12 GPa (Deodar), 12-15 GPa (Sal) Density: 0.35-0.8 g/cm³ (depending on species) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (depending on species) Tensile strength: 40-150 MPa Moisture content: variable Density: 550-800 kg/m³ (depending on species) Density (Teak): 650-750 kg/m³ Density (Rosewood): 750-850 kg/m³ Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength (Deodar): 60-70 MPa Density: 0.6-0.83 g/cm³ Bending strength: 85-140 MPa (Teak) Decay resistance: High (Teak) Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (depending on species) Modulus of elasticity: 8-15 GPa (depending on species) Moisture content: varies Thermal conductivity: 0.12-0.14 W/mK Teak: Density: 600-700 kg/m³, Bending strength: 80-120 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15% Susceptible to fungal decay and insect attack Density: 400-1000 kg/m³ (species dependent) Bending strength: 50-150 MPa (species dependent) Density (Sal): 800-900 kg/m³ Modulus of elasticity: 9-12 GPa Natural insect repellent Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Compressive strength: 50-70 MPa, Resistant to decay Sal: Density: 0.8-1.0 g/cm³, High strength Bamboo: Lightweight, Flexible, High tensile strength Density: 350-950 kg/m³ Density: 0.55-0.85 g/cm³ Density: 0.6-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Compressive strength: 40-80 MPa (depending on species) Tensile strength: 30-60 MPa Compressive strength: 20-40 MPa Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Bending strength: 80-120 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15% Rosewood: Density: 0.75-0.9 g/cm³, Bending strength: 90-140 MPa Density: 500-800 kg/m³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: Variable Density: 0.4-0.8 g/cm³ Compressive strength: 30-60 MPa Moisture content: 10-15% Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (Sal/Teak) Bending strength: 50-120 MPa (Sal/Teak) Density (Deodar): 500-540 kg/m³ Density (Kail): 400-450 kg/m³ Bending strength (Kail): 60-70 MPa Density: 400-800 kg/m³ Decay resistance: Varies with species Teak density: 650-750 kg/m³ Teak compressive strength: 50-60 MPa Sal density: 800-900 kg/m³ Sal compressive strength: 60-70 MPa MOR: 85-125 MPa (Sal) Density: 0.6-1.0 g/cm³ (depending on species) Bending strength: 80-130 MPa (depending on species) Density: 0.6-1.0 g/cm³ (species dependent) Bending strength: 80-130 MPa (species dependent) Density: 0.55-0.85 g/cm³ (Sal/Teak) Density: 400-900 kg/m³ (varies with species) Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (varies with species) Tensile strength: 40-100 MPa (varies by species) Density: 0.7-0.9 g/cm³ (Shisham) Natural resistance to decay and insects Flexural strength: 50-120 MPa (depending on species) Density (Teak): 650-800 kg/m³ Modulus of Elasticity (Teak): 10-12 GPa Termite resistance: High (Teak) Density: 0.35-1.2 g/cm³ Rosewood density: 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Tensile strength (teak): 80-100 MPa Density: 600-800 kg/m³ (teak) Compressive strength: 40-70 MPa (teak) Teak density: 600-700 kg/m³ Sal density: 750-850 kg/m³ Sal bending strength: 90-130 MPa Bending strength: 40-100 MPa Density: 0.4-0.8 g/cm³ (species dependent) Tensile strength: 40-100 MPa (species dependent) Wood grain size: Varies with species Density: 500-800 kg/m³ Density: 0.35-0.95 g/cm³ Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (parallel to grain) Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (parallel to grain) Density: 0.49-0.55 g/cm³ (Deodar) Bending strength: 75-90 MPa (Deodar) Density: 650-900 kg/m³ (Sal) Tensile strength: 20-150 MPa Density: Varies widely Compressive strength: Varies widely Moisture content: Varies widely Tensile strength: 60-100 MPa (Sal) Density: 480-560 kg/m³ Density: 500-600 kg/m³ Bending strength: 50-70 MPa Decay resistance: varies by species Moisture content varies Sal density: 0.83 g/cm³ Sal bending strength: 85-120 MPa Teak density: 0.65 g/cm³ Teak bending strength: 70-100 MPa Density (Sheesham): 700-850 kg/m³ Natural resistance to decay (Teak) Density: 490-550 kg/m³ (Deodar) Modulus of Elasticity: 9-12 GPa (Deodar) Density: 0.6-0.85 g/cm³ (Teak & Shisham) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (varies by species) Density: 350-500 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (Teak) Durability: Variable depending on species Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa (Teak) Density: 0.4-0.7 g/cm³ Tensile strength: Varies by species Density: Varies depending on species Compressive strength: Varies depending on species Moisture content: Varies depending on species Termite resistance: Varies depending on species Density: 600-900 kg/m³ (varies by species) Tensile strength: 50-100 MPa (varies by species) Decay resistance: Varies by species Density: 600-900 kg/m³ (variable) Tensile strength: 50-150 MPa (variable) Teak: Density: 600-750 kg/m³, Bending strength: 80-120 MPa Sal: Density: 800-950 kg/m³, Bending strength: 90-130 MPa Susceptible to insect attack and fungal decay Bending strength: 80-100 MPa (Teak) Density: 0.49 g/cm³ Bending strength: 75 MPa Tensile strength (parallel to grain): 20-150 MPa Bending strength: 70-90 MPa (Deodar) Tensile Strength: 40-120 MPa Thermal Conductivity: 0.14 W/mK Moisture Content: 12-15% (seasoned) Density: 490-550 kg/m³ Teak: Density: 650-800 kg/m³, Durability: High, Termite resistance: Excellent Sal: Density: 800-1000 kg/m³, Strength: High Deodar: Density: 500-600 kg/m³, Aromatic properties: Present Bending strength (Teak): 80-100 MPa Density (Shisham): 0.7-0.85 g/cm³ Density: 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ (Deodar) Bending strength: 70-100 MPa (Deodar) Natural decay resistance (Deodar) Density: 650-800 kg/m³ Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa Durability: Varies with species Density: 400-800 kg/m³ (depending on species) Density: 0.55-0.80 g/cm³ Density: 0.6-0.7 g/cm³ Bending strength: 80-100 MPa Moisture content: 10-12% Density: 0.35-0.9 g/cm³ (species dependent) Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (species dependent) Compressive strength: 20-80 MPa (species dependent) Density (Sal): 800-1000 kg/m³ Density (Teak): 600-800 kg/m³ Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Natural oil content for decay resistance Rosewood: Density: 0.8-1.0 g/cm³, Fine grain, rich colour Moisture content (seasoned): 12-15% Bending strength: High Density: 0.6-0.7 g/cm³ (teak) Bending strength: 80-120 MPa (teak) Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Bending strength: 80-100 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15% Rosewood: Density: 0.75-0.9 g/cm³, Bending strength: 90-120 MPa, Moisture content: 10-14% Flexural strength: 50-150 MPa Deodar Density: 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ Deodar Moisture content: 12-15% Sal Density: 0.8-0.9 g/cm³ Sal Tensile strength: 80-100 MPa Density: 560 kg/m³ (Deodar) Compressive strength: 45 MPa (Deodar) Thermal conductivity: 0.11 W/mK (Deodar) Density: 0.55-0.7 g/cm³ Durability: Varies Density: 800-950 kg/m³ (Sal) Bending strength: 80-100 MPa (Sal) Bending strength: 75-95 MPa (Deodar) Tensile strength: 70-100 MPa (Teak) Density: 500-900 kg/m³ (depending on species) Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa (depending on species) Moisture content Density (Jackwood): 0.55-0.7 g/cm³ Tensile strength (Teak): 80-100 MPa Teak: Density 650-800 kg/m³, High oil content, resistant to decay Sal: Density 800-950 kg/m³, Strong and durable Deodar: Density 500-550 kg/m³, Aromatic and insect-repellent Density: 0.35-0.9 g/cm³ Bending strength (Sal): 100-140 MPa Moisture content: Varies with species Tensile strength: 40-60 MPa Density: 300-900 kg/m³ (depending on species) Moisture content: 12-18% (air-dried) Sal: Density: 0.83 g/cm³ Sal: Bending strength: 90-120 MPa Teak: Density: 0.65 g/cm³ Teak: Bending strength: 70-100 MPa Density: 0.35-0.55 g/cm³ Teak: Density: 0.6-0.8 g/cm³, Tensile strength: 80-120 MPa, Moisture content: 12-15%, Natural oil content for decay resistance Decay resistance: High Durability: High (Teak) Density: 0.35-0.9 g/cm³ (depending on species) Thermal conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/m·K Density: 560-720 kg/m³ (Teak) Modulus of Rupture: ~100 MPa (Teak) Thermal Conductivity: 0.17 W/mK Compressive strength: 20-80 MPa (depending on species) Moisture content: Varies with species and treatment Density: 0.3-0.9 g/cm³ (variable) Compressive strength: 30-70 MPa (variable) Tensile Strength: 40-120 MPa (varies by species) Moisture Content: Varies with humidity Thermal Conductivity: 0.1-0.2 W/mK Moisture content: 12-20% Tensile strength: 40-120 MPa (varies by species) Density: 300-900 kg/m³ Susceptible to decay Density: 0.5-0.8 g/cm³ (teak) Moisture content: varies with humidity Thermal conductivity: 0.17 W/mK (teak) Compressive strength: 20-70 MPa (varies by species) Variable strength depending on species Renewable resource Density varies with species Moisture content: Varies depending on species and environment Density: 0.4-0.9 g/cm³ (varies by species) Bending strength: 25-50 MPa Tensile Strength: 80-150 MPa (Sal) Tensile Strength: 50-150 MPa Compressive Strength: 30-70 MPa Moisture Content: Varies Density (Rosewood): 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Density: Varies depending on the species Tensile strength: Varies depending on the species Compressive strength: Varies depending on the species Moisture content: Varies depending on the species Density (Teak): 0.65-0.75 g/cm³ Density: 600-850 kg/m³ Bending strength: 85-110 MPa (Teak) Natural decay resistance (Teak) Durable and resistant to decay Dimensional stability: Moderate Density: Varies with species Compressive strength: Varies with species Thermal conductivity: Varies with species |
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| Uses | Structural beams Doors Windows Roofs Carvings Roofing Structural supports Decorative carvings Doors and windows Roof structures Columns Roof framing Door and window frames Furniture Scaffolding Pillars Beams Roof beams Structural support Roofing elements Window frames Door frames Ceiling panels Decorative elements Carved panels Roof rafters Carved pillars Decorative brackets Scaffolding during construction Armatures for stucco sculptures Roof supports Carved details Roofing structures Frames Rafters Ratha frames Window shutters Lintels Carved elements Ratha chariots Columns and beams Decorative panels Structural framing Carved facades Ceiling beams Chariot construction Roofing structure Structural frames Shikhara construction Ceilings Carved brackets Structural elements Tool handles Frames for paintings Ratha (Chariots) Balconies Carved screens (Jali) Staircases Roofing rafters Ratha construction Wall panels Support beams Structural supports (in traditional buildings) Flooring Structural members Ratha (Chariot) construction Structural Beams Chariots Fuel Ratha (chariot) construction |
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| Materials | चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) पत्थर - Patthar (Stone) धातु - Dhātu (Metal) Lohā (Metal) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) तेल - Tela (Oil) लोहा - Lohā (Metal) तेल - Tel (Oil) लाख - Lakh (Lac) लाख - Lākh (Lac) चूना - Chunā (Lime) धातु - Dhātu (Metal) - for joinery शिला - Shilā (Stone) Shilā (Stone) Lohā (Iron) वज्रलेप - Vajralepa (Ancient Indian Glue) कषायम् - Kashāyam (Herbal Concoctions) मृत्तिका - Mrittikā (Clay) for sealing लोहा - Lohā (Metal) for fasteners लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for joinery) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for plastering over wood) ईंट - Īnt (Brick) Lohā (Metal) for joinery Shilā (Stone) for foundations Metal fasteners चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (as a sealant) गोंद - Gond (Resin) लाक्षा - Lākshā (Lac) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for plastering Lohā (Iron) for joinery तेल - Tel (Oil) for preservation लोहा - Lohā (Iron) fasteners तेल - Tela (Oil) for preservation Tile वार्निश - Vārniśa (Varnish) रोगन - Rogan (Varnish) मृत्तिकालेप - Mrittikalepa (Mud Mortar) वार्निश - Vārnish (Varnish) लेप - Lepa (Plaster) कीलक - Kīlaka (Nails) सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust) वस्त्र - Vastra (Textile) रोगन - Rogan (Oil) मिट्टी - Mittī (Earth) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) - for plastering over wood लोहा - Lohā (Iron) - for joinery राल - Rāla (Resin) - for waterproofing राल - Rāla (Resin) Bamboo चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for plastering) लोहा - Lohā (Metal) for joinery चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for sealing joints Taila (Oil) for preservation तैला - Taila (Oil) लाख - Lākha (Lac) शण - Shaṇa (Hemp) Lohā (Iron) for nails Lohā (Iron) (for fasteners) Chunā (Lime Mortar) Vamsha (Bamboo) Vajralepa (Traditional Adhesive) तेल - Tel (Oil) (for preservation) Stone लोहा - Lohā (Iron) for joinery धातु - Dhatu (Metal) रोगन - Rogan (Wood Finish) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for joinery) लोहा - Lohā (Iron) (for fasteners) तेल - Tela (Oil) (for preservation) वज्रलेप - Vajralepa (Adhesive) Lākh (Lac) Oil paints चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) for fixing frames ईंट - Eent (Brick) लोहा - Lohā (Metal) (for fasteners) चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar) (for protection) Gond (Resin) वज्रलेप - Vajralepa (Traditional Adhesive) रोगन - Rogan (Oil-based Coating) वज्रलेप - Vajralepa (Waterproof Plaster) धातु - Dhātu (Metal Fasteners) Metal Thatch धातु की कील - Dhātu ki keel (Metal Nails) धूप - Dhūpa (Resin) वार्निश - Vaarnish (Varnish) Teel Tail (Sesame Oil) धातु की कील - Dhātu Kee Keel (Metal Nails) Brass fittings कील - Kīl (Nails) धातु की कील - Dhātu kī kīl (Metal Nails) वज्रलेप - Vajralepa (Diamond Plaster) शण - Shana (Hemp) உலோகம் - Ulōkam (Metal) சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Chunāmbuch chāndhu (Lime Mortar) எண்ணெய் - Eṇṇey (Oil) மெழுகு - Meḻuku (Wax) சுண்ணாம்புச் சாந்து - Cuṇṇāmpuc cāntu (Lime Mortar) கல் - Kal (Stone) எண்ணெய் - Ennney (Oil) மெழுகு - Mezhuku (Wax) சுண்ணாம்பு - Chunāmbū (Lime Mortar) ചൂനാമ്ബ് - Chūnāmb (Lime) Oils for preservation |
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| Styles | Vernacular architecture style Temple architecture style Mughal architecture style Sri Lankan architecture Kerala architecture Himalayan architecture Vernacular architecture Traditional Indian architecture Kerala architecture style Gujarati wooden architecture Temple architecture Palace architecture Gujarati architecture style Himalayan architecture style Kumaoni architecture Gujarati architecture Nepalese architecture Colonial architecture All architectural styles Rajput architecture style Ahom architecture Kerala Temple Architecture Nagara architecture style Himalayan Temple Architecture Gandhara style Indo-Saracenic architecture Bengal Temple Architecture Fort architecture Dravidian architecture style Kashmiri architecture style Bengal temple architecture Central Asian Buddhist architecture Nepali architecture style Himachali Temple Architecture Vijayanagara architecture Ahom architecture style Vernacular architecture of Assam Modern Temple Architecture Rajput architecture Bengali architecture style Maratha architecture style Kashmiri architecture Regional Bastar architecture Vernacular architecture of Uttarakhand Karnataka architecture style Tibetan Buddhist Architecture Traditional Northeast Indian Architecture Vijayanagara architecture style Deccan architecture style Colonial architecture style Hoysala architecture Gandhara architecture Indo-Islamic architecture style Nepali architecture Regional vernacular architecture Traditional Indian Architecture Gandhara architecture style Vernacular Architecture Traditional Sikkimese Architecture Assam type architecture Kullu architecture Pahari architecture Kerala Architecture Nepali Architecture Katyuri style Regional Temple Architecture Central Indian temple architecture Kath-Kuni architecture style Newari architecture style Tibetan Buddhist architecture Regional Kangra style Bengal architecture Kushan architecture Assam-type architecture Kandyan architecture Bengal vernacular architecture Kashmiri Architecture Meitei architecture Kucha Buddhist Architecture Indo-Islamic architecture Cave architecture Hoysala architecture style Bengal architecture style Regional vernacular architecture style Shekhawati architecture Gujarati vernacular architecture Nalukettu architecture Buddhist cave architecture Nepali Temple Architecture Himalayan Architecture Assam-type architecture style Kath-Kuni architecture Hill Temple Architecture Regional temple architecture of Meghalaya Khasi Architecture Indo-Islamic Architecture Buddhist architecture Temple Architecture Bengal Architecture All traditional Indian architectural styles Tibetan Architecture Maratha architecture Kalinga architecture style Bhutanese Architecture Mauryan architecture style Gupta architecture style Vernacular architecture of Manipur Temple architecture of Northeast India Pahari architecture style Haveli architecture Kashmiri Temple Architecture Modern Indian Temple Architecture Regional Sindh architecture Kalinga architecture Deccan architecture Māru-Gurjara architecture Traditional Kerala Architecture Traditional Sri Lankan architecture Indo-Portuguese architecture Vernacular Himalayan architecture Regional temple architecture Hemadpanti architecture Mughal architecture Regional vernacular styles All Indic architectural styles Greco-Bactrian architecture Nepali pagoda architecture South Indian temple architecture Dravidian architecture |
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| Categories | Residential Temple Palace Pilgrimage Site Residential Buildings Residential buildings Temples Palaces Ratha Rathas (Chariots) House Fortifications Fort Rathas Monastery Sculpture Public Buildings Chariot Doors Chariots Stupa Residential structures Ratha (Chariot) Domestic Architecture Forts Raths Wooden carvings Haveli Residential architecture Traditional Houses Traditional construction Chorten Religious Structures Havelis Carriage Carving Mandapa Gopuram Structural element Joinery Pavilion Residential Building Cave Temples Structural Components Mosque Tomb Cave Temple Structural Element Dwelling Residential building Pavilions Archaeological Site Public buildings Houses Carvings Monasteries Kund Fortress Community Halls Residential Architecture Residential Structures Civil Architecture Mandir Domestic structures Fortification Temple architecture Carriages Door Window Boats All heritage categories Temple chariots Domestic architecture |
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| Notes |
|
|---|
| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Forest Utilization | Book | Wood properties and applications |
| Forest Survey of India Reports | Forestry Report | Timber properties and preservation |
| Traditional Woodworking in India | Book | Techniques and materials used in traditional Indian woodworking |
| Forest Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed information on various wood species |
| Indian Forest Records | Research Paper | Wood properties and preservation |
| Traditional Indian Woodworking | Book | Details on wood types and construction techniques |
| Wood and its Uses in Indian Architecture | Book | Types of wood, their properties, and applications |
| Kerala Forest Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Wood species and preservation techniques |
| Indian Forest Research Institute Reports | Research Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Wood Conservation in Historic Buildings | Book | Wood preservation techniques |
| Handbook of Indian Woods | Forestry Research Report | Wood species and their properties |
| Traditional Building Materials of India | Book | Wood preservation |
| FRI Dehradun Reports | Forest Research Institute | Wood preservation techniques |
| Wood Technology and Utilization in Ancient India | Book | Wood species and their uses |
| Wood Preservation Techniques in Ancient India | Journal Article | Traditional methods for protecting wood from decay |
| Wood Conservation: Principles and Practice | Book | Conservation techniques for wooden structures |
| Handbook of Indian Forest Utilization | Book | Timber properties and uses |
| Ancient Indian Timber Technology | Book | Details on timber selection and preservation |
| Indian Timber Trees | Book | Species and properties |
| Wood Technology in Ancient India | Academic Paper | Traditional woodworking |
| Forestry in Ancient India | Historical Research | Wood usage in construction |
| Wood Technology in Indian Architecture | Book | Usage and preservation of wood in historic buildings |
| Ancient Indian Building Materials and Technology | Book | Wood species and their properties |
| Indian Forest Research Institute Publications | Research Paper | Wood properties and preservation |
| Handbook on Wood Preservation | Technical Manual | Wood preservation techniques |
| Traditional Carpentry in India | Book | Woodworking techniques |
| Traditional Indian Carpentry | Book | Techniques and materials used in traditional Indian woodworking |
| FRI Dehradun Reports on Indian Timber | Forest Research Institute Report | Detailed analysis of Indian timber species |
| Handbook on Wood Properties and Uses | Reference Book | Detailed information on wood species |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Traditional Woodworking Techniques in India | Book | Wood joinery and preservation |
| Wood Identification Handbook | Book | Species identification |
| Indian Woods | Book | Wood properties |
| Indian Timber Species for Construction | Technical Report | Wood properties and uses |
| Forest Research Institute (FRI) publications | Technical Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Indian Timber Species and Their Properties | Technical Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Forestry Department reports | Technical Report | Wood species and preservation techniques |
| Wood in Indian Art and Architecture | Book | Species identification and preservation techniques |
| Indian Forester | Journal Article | Wood analysis |
| Traditional Woodworking in India | Book | Wood species and techniques |
| Forest Survey of India Reports | Forestry Report | Timber resources and properties |
| Indian Forest Records | Government Publication | Timber properties |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Handbook of Indian Woods | Reference Book | Wood species and properties |
| Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses | Book | Wood species and properties |
| Forest Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Wood species and properties |
| IS 287:1993 | Indian Standard | Recommendations for seasoning of timber |
| Handbook of Indian Forest Utilization | Book | Details on wood properties and uses |
| Indian Forest Records | Journal | Timber properties |
| Indian Timber Species | Forestry Report | Wood properties |
| Indian Forest Research Institute Reports | Research Paper | Wood properties and preservation |
| ASI Technical Bulletin | Technical Report | Material analysis |
| Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed information on Indian wood species |
| Wood Preservation Techniques | Book | Wood conservation methods |
| Handbook of Indian Woods | Book | Wood identification and properties |
| Indian Forest Research Institute Reports | Research Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed wood species information |
| Forest Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Forest Survey of India Reports | Government Publication | Timber resources |
| Indian Woods: Their Identification, Properties and Uses | Book | Detailed analysis of Indian timber species |
| Traditional Woodworking in India | Book | Techniques and materials used in traditional Indian woodworking |
| Forestry in South India | Report | Timber resources and properties |
| Traditional Indian Woodworking | Book | Details on wood preservation techniques |
| Forest Research Institute Reports | Research Report | Timber properties and preservation |
| Handbook of Indian Woods | Book | Wood properties and applications |
| Indian Forest Research Institute Reports | Research Paper | Wood properties and preservation |
| Indian Forest Records | Forestry Report | Timber properties and usage |
| Forestry Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Analysis of wood species used in Indian architecture |
| Forest Research Institute Reports | Technical Report | Wood properties and preservation |
| Site Name | Status | Usage | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple Aranmula | Secondary | 100% |