| Title | Kalinga architecture styleCommon |
|---|---|
| Description | A sub-style of Nagara architecture prominent in ancient Kalinga (modern Odisha), characterized by its distinctive rekha deula, pidha deula, and khakhara deula temple forms, often dedicated to Shiva and Shakti. |
| Also Known As | Nagara architecture style Traditional Arunachali architecture style Hindu Temple architecture style Nagara Architecture Kalinga Architecture Traditional Arunachali Architecture Hindu Temple Architecture Buddhist architectural influences Indigenous tribal architectural traditions Indo-Islamic architecture style Vernacular Himalayan architecture style Kalinga Architecture influences (possibly through trade or pilgrimage routes) Vestiges of Gupta period architecture (given Almora's history) Possible Pala dynasty influences (due to proximity historical interactions) Elements of early medieval North Indian temple styles Hints of Central Indian architectural features (through cultural exchange) Vernacular Himalayan architecture (use of local materials adaptation to terrain) Possible incorporation of Kashmiri architectural elements (due to historical connections) Kerala architecture style Dravidian architecture style Traditional Hindu Temple architecture style Kerala Architecture Dravidian Architecture Kalinga Architecture Influences Vastu Shastra Traditional Hindu Temple Architecture South Indian Temple Style Pandyan Architectural Elements Gupta architecture style Assamese architecture style Gupta Architecture Later Koch Style Phamsana Style Rekha-Deul Style (related to Nagara) Traditional Assamese Temple Architecture Orissan Temple Architecture Chola Dynasty Influences Pandya Dynasty Influences Chera Dynasty Influences Pahari architecture style Indo-Mughal architecture style Kalinga Architecture influences (possibly through pilgrimage routes) Kashmiri Hindu Temple Architecture influences (due to proximity Pahari Architecture (local Himachal Pradesh vernacular) Traces of Dravidian Architecture (through pan-Indian temple building networks though less prominent) Possible Gandharan influences (remnants from ancient trade routes) Gupta period temple architecture influences Later Mughal architectural influences (decorative elements though subtly) Colonial architectural influences (minor possibly in later additions or renovations) Medieval Indian Orissan style temples laterite sandstone Indo-Islamic Architecture Medieval Odisha Architecture Nagara Architecture influences (possibly brought in later periods) Traces of Buddhist architecture (given the region's history) Secular Fortress Architecture Eclectic Indigenous-colonial blend Mughal Architecture Rajasthani Architecture Deccani Architecture Maratha Architecture British Colonial Architecture North Indian Curvilinear Towers Rajasthani Temple Architecture Utkala Temple Architecture Sompura Style Gujarat Temple Architecture Chalukya Architecture Maratha Temple Architecture Hindu Temple Elevated platform curvilinear tower Dravida Architecture Rekha Deul Pidha Deul Kharkhara Deul Pancharatha Style Indo-Islamic military. Blend of Rajput Mughal features. Central Indian vernacular architecture Rajput Military Architecture Hill Fort Architecture of the Himalayas Gurjara-Pratihara style influences Paramara dynasty architectural elements Kalinga architecture Hindu temple Circular hypaethral plan Somnath Temple influences Konark Sun Temple influences Jagannath Temple influences Lingaraj Temple influences Indo-Islamic military blends Hindu Islamic features. Kalinga Architecture (Eastern Ganga Dynasty influence) Sultanate Period Military Architecture Local Vernacular Traditions (use of Chunar sandstone) Elements of Indo-Islamic Architecture North Indian Temple Architecture Religious Nagara Shikhara Garhwali Vernacular Architecture Pahari Architecture Nagara Architecture elements Traces of Gupta Period Temple Architecture Indigenous Naga Architecture Vernacular Wood bamboo thatch. Hemadpanthi Style Traditional Naga Architecture Indigenous Tribal Architecture Elements of Islamic Architecture Vestiges of British Colonial Architecture Vernacular Mizo. Timber-framed. Steeply pitched roofs. Traditional Mizo Architecture Temple Architecture of Bengal Vernacular Architecture of Northeast India Hindu Temple Architecture of Assam Elements of Dravidian Architecture Pyramidal superstructure Maru-Gurjara Architecture Surya (Sun God) Temple Architecture Rajasthani Temple Style Paramara Dynasty Style Gujara-Pratihara Traditions Dravidian Sloping roofs ornate carvings Rock-cut Gujarat Regional Style Surya Temple Influences Nagara Style Curvilinear towers intricate carvings Gurjara-Pratihara Style Paramara Style influences Possible Pala Dynasty influences Central Indian vernacular elements North Indian Temple Curvilinear tower square base. Solanki Style influences Chandela Style influences Local Chhattisgarhi vernacular architecture Neoclassical Domes columns symmetry Vesara Architecture Contemporary Hindu Temple Architecture Tai Ahom Fortification Sloping walls moat. Tai Ahom Architecture Koch Architecture Nagara Architecture (elements) Dravidian Architecture (minor elements) Temple curvilinear tower. Khakhara Deul Gajasimha Motifs Eastern Ganga Dynasty Style Jain architecture Polished stone domes towers Shikhara Style Champa Architecture Jain Temple Architecture Mughal Influences (minor in later additions) Deccani Influences (minor Curvilinear Shikhara Kalinga Architecture (potential influence due to proximity historical connections) Hindu Temple Architecture (general) Possible traces of Gupta period influences Paramara style (subtle influences may be present) Solanki style (minor influences possible due to trade routes) Local tribal architectural elements integrated into the temple complex elaborate carvings Latina Style Rajput Architecture Karna style Rajput Military Fortified stronghold Late Mughal Military Architecture Shurasena Style Nagara Architecture (traces) Kalinga Architecture (minor influence) Panchala regional vernacular architecture Indus Valley Fortification traditions (very distant influence) Ahom-influenced Eclectic Temple Buddhist Islamic elements. Ahom Architecture Typical Assam Temple Style Eclectic Influences Vernacular Architecture of Assam Influence of Kamarupa School Terracotta Ornate detailed brickwork. Kalinga Architecture influences Later Mughal influences (decorative elements) Bengal Temple Architecture Terracotta ornamentation (characteristic of Bengal) Wheel-shaped Hoysala Architecture Chola Architecture Pandya Architecture tiered structure Hemadpanthi Architecture Islamic Architecture Elevated sanctuary Khura Deul Jaga Mohan Paramara Architecture Solanki Architecture curvilinear towers Odishan Temple Architecture porch. Traditional Manipuri Architecture Vernacular Architecture of Manipur Indigenous Meitei Architecture Ahom influences Naga-influenced unknown sculptural ornamentation. Gupta Period Influences Naga Architectural Elements Early Medieval Hindu Temple Style Orissan Temple Architecture Influences Assamese Temple Style Pyramidal Sandstone Sultanate Architecture Vernacular Architecture of Bihar Temple Architecture of Mithila Elaborate carvings soaring towers Pancharatha plan Shaktism influences in temple iconography Vaishnavism influences in temple iconography Tribal Communal symbolic wood carvings. Ahom Architecture influences Elements of Hindu Temple Architecture Dravidian influences in decorative elements Indo-Islamic Mughal military fortification. Sultanate Period Influences Local Tribal Architectural Influences Nagara Dravida hybrid religious tiered upward. Pagoda Architecture Tiered Diminishing stacked roofs. Pagoda Style Wooden Carvings influenced by Newar craftsmanship Mandapa Style Torana gateways Stone brick construction techniques prevalent in North India North Indian clustered shrines. North Indian Temple Style Vesara Style influences Mughal influences (minor potentially in later additions renovations) Pyramidal roof Deula Style Jagamohana Nata-Mandira Bhoga-Mandap Traditional Odishan Temple Architecture Dravidian influences (minor) Nagara influences (minor) Military Fortified walls bastions moats Temple Architecture of Odisha Fort Architecture of Rajputana British Colonial Influences Vernacular Architecture of Odisha Indo-Saracenic Revival Blends Mughal Rajput Gothic Indo-Saracenic Architecture Colonial Architecture Traditional Bihari Architecture Central Indian temple architecture Nagara style shikhara Central Indian Temple Style Bhumija Style Panchayatana Style Somvanshi Architectural Style Later Gurjara-Pratihara Influences Indigenous Mizo architecture Bamboo wood construction Indigenous Tribal Architecture of Mizoram Hindu Temple Architecture of Northeast India Vernacular Architecture of Mizoram sculpted sandstone Vimana Pyramidal Spire Solanki Style Rajasthani influences Gujarati Temple Architectural Style Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Blends Indian Tibetan motifs. Nepalese Pagoda Architecture Tibetan Buddhist Architecture Elements of North Indian Temple Style Gurjara-Pratihara Influences Traces of Kalinga Architecture Influence of Chola Temple Design Kalinga North Indian tiered sculpted towers. Maru-Gurjara influences Latina Style Shikharas Kalinga Architecture influences (possible given Kurukshetra's historical connections) Paramara Style details (potential influence) Medieval Hindu Temple architecture Vernacular Religious adapts to local materials climate. Silpa Shastras Influences Traditional Khasi Architectural Elements Vernacular Architecture of Meghalaya Curvilinear tower. Tai Ahom Influences Orissan Temple Style stepped tower. Chalukyan Architecture Vijayanagara Architecture Badami Chalukya Architecture Eastern Ganga Architecture Defensive walls gateways Mayamata Shilpa Shastra Early Dravidian Architecture Mauryan Architecture Buddhist monastic architecture Early medieval Hindu temple architecture Rock-cut architecture Indian rock-cut Carved from natural rock. Deccan Architecture sandstone carvings Eastern Indian Temple Style Garhwali Architecture Himalayan Architecture Pahadi Architecture Central Indian Temple Architecture Traces of Gupta Period Architecture tiered roof Islamic Architecture (domes arches) Dravidian Architecture (minor influence) Vernacular Tripura Architecture Kerala Dravidian Temple Architecture gabled ornate. Chola Dynasty Temple Architecture Pandya Dynasty Temple Architecture Chera Dynasty Temple Architecture Traditional Residential Local materials simple designs. Gupta Period Architecture Post-Gupta Temple Architecture Vernacular Hindu Architecture of the Gangetic Plains Generic North Indian Temple Style Pyramidal towers ornate carvings. Indigenous Tribal Architecture of Northeast India Vestiges of Buddhist architectural elements Vernacular Architecture of the region Ahom architecture |
| Tags | Deula Jagmohan Kalinga Temple Odisha Temple Rekha Pidha Khakhara Odisha Temple Odisha temple architecture Jagamohana Odisha architecture Pancharatha Kalingan Odisha temple Kalinga Deul Nagara Odisha temples Jagannath Sculptural Ornamentation Pida Vaitala Jagamohan Temple Architecture Deula architecture Temple architecture Hindu temple Rekha Deul Pidha Deul Odisha Temple Architecture Gajasimha Khakhara Deul Amlaka Hindu Temple Shikhara Hindu architecture Odisha Style Ratha Pitha Odishan temple Nagara Substyle Rekha Deula Pidha Deula Orissan Temple Gandi Amalaka Kalasha Rekha deul Sandstone Hindu Curvilinear Jagati Kalingan temple Mastaka Orissan temple architecture Konark Kalinga temple architecture Anga-shikharas Amla-shila Kalinga temple Nagara sub-style |
| Style ID | INHF-STY-8364810636-08:34:40:16:09:22:KAS |
| URI | https://www.inheritage.foundation/aat/styles/kalinga-architecture-style |
| API Endpoint | https://inheritage.foundation/api/v1/aat/kalinga-architecture-style |
| Total Sites | 65 |
| Primary Sites | 17 |
| Created | November 19, 2025 |
| Last Updated | November 29, 2025 |
| Regions | Odisha Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Jharkhand (possible influences) Tripura Jharkhand Meghalaya |
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| Time Periods | 6th-16th century CE 7th century CE 13th century CE 7th-13th century CE 7th Century CE 8th Century CE 9th Century CE 10th Century CE 11th Century CE 12th Century CE 13th Century CE 7th century CE - 13th century CE 6th century CE - 16th century CE Modern adaptations 8th century CE 9th century CE 10th century CE 11th century CE 12th century CE 6th century CE to 16th century CE 7th century CE to 13th century CE 6th-13th century CE Modern |
|---|---|
| Dynasties | Eastern Ganga Dynasty Somavamshi dynasty Koch Dynasty Eastern Ganga dynasty Somavamshi Eastern Ganga Somavamshi Dynasty Sailodbhava dynasty Ganga dynasty Sailodbhava Dynasty Ganga Suryavamshi |
| Sacred Contexts | Hindu temples Shaivite temples Shakta temples Hindu Temple Hindu Temples Shaiva shrines Shakta shrines Shaiva temples Vaishnava temples Shiva temples Durga temples Royal patronage Shakti temples Shaiva Vaishnava Shakta |
|---|---|
| Associated Deities | Shiva Shakti Surya Jagannath Durga Vishnu Yogini Devi Shiva (Lingaraja) Vishnu (Jagannath) Shakti (Durga, Chamunda) Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha |
| Primary Materials | |
|---|---|
| Architectural Features | Rekha Deula Pidha Deula Khakhara Deula Deula Jagmohan Rekha Deul Pidha Deul Khakhara Deul Natamandira Bhoga Mandapa Amalaka Gandi Mastaka Rekha Deula (curvilinear tower) Pidha Deula (pyramidal roof) Khakhara Deula (oblong shrine) Jagamohana (assembly hall) Deul Pancharatha plan Elevated platform (Pitha) Circular plan Hypaethral design Intricate carvings Kalasha Jagamohan Jagmohan (assembly hall) Nata-mandira (dance hall) Bhoga-mandapa (offering hall) Rekha deula Pidha deula Khakhara deula Rekha deul Pidha deul Khakhara deul Deul (temple) Natamandira (dance hall) Deul (sanctum) Gajasimha motifs Elevated platform Rekha Deul (curvilinear spire) Pidha Deul (pyramidal roof) Khakhara Deul (oblong shrine) Bhoga Mandapa (offering hall) Amlaka Jagamohana Ratha-paga Jaga Mohan Elevated sanctuary Curvilinear tower Pitha (elevated platform) Nata-Mandira Bhoga-Mandira Bhogamandapa Bhoga-Mandap Curvilinear shikhara Jagati Vimana Rekha deula (curvilinear tower) Pidha deula (pyramidal structure) Khakhara deula (oblong shrine) Nata Mandira Bhoga Mandira Ratha |
| Keywords | Deula Jagmohan Kalinga Temple Odisha Temple Rekha Pidha Khakhara Odisha Temple Odisha temple architecture Jagamohana Odisha architecture Pancharatha Kalingan Odisha temple Kalinga Deul Nagara Odisha temples Jagannath Sculptural Ornamentation Pida Vaitala Jagamohan Temple Architecture Deula architecture Temple architecture Hindu temple Rekha Deul Pidha Deul Odisha Temple Architecture Gajasimha Khakhara Deul Amlaka Hindu Temple Shikhara Hindu architecture Odisha Style Ratha Pitha Odishan temple Nagara Substyle Rekha Deula Pidha Deula Orissan Temple Gandi Amalaka Kalasha Rekha deul Sandstone Hindu Curvilinear Jagati Kalingan temple Mastaka Orissan temple architecture Konark Kalinga temple architecture Anga-shikharas Amla-shila Kalinga temple Nagara sub-style |
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| Title | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Temples of Orissa: The Study of a Sub-style | Book | Comprehensive study of Kalinga temple architecture. |
| The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent | Book | Provides context for Kalinga style within broader Indian architectural traditions. |
| Debala Mitra, 'Orissa' | Book | Comprehensive overview of Orissan art and architecture. |
| Debala Mitra, 'Bronzes from Achutrajpur' | Book | Comprehensive study of Kalinga art and architecture. |
| The Temples of Orissa | book | Comprehensive overview of Kalinga temple architecture |
| Orissan Architecture | book | Detailed study of the architectural features |
| Debala Mitra, 'Bhubaneswar' | Book | Comprehensive overview of Bhubaneswar temples. |
| Temples of Orissa | book | |
| Early temples of Orissa | article | Details on the evolution of the style. |
| Art and Architecture of the Kalachuris | book | Explores the influence of Kalachuri dynasty on temple architecture. |
| Debala Mitra, 'Bronzes from Achutrajpur, Orissa' | book | Comprehensive study of Orissan art and architecture. |
| History of the Art of Orissa | Book | Detailed study of Kalinga art and architecture. |
| The Art and Architecture of Orissa | Book | Comprehensive study of Kalinga temple architecture. |
| History of the Art in Orissa | Book | Comprehensive study of Kalinga temple architecture. |
| Debala Mitra, 'Konarak' | book | Comprehensive study of the Konark Sun Temple. |
| Art and Architecture of the Kalinga | Book | Detailed study of Kalinga temple architecture. |
| Art and Architecture of the Somavamsis of Orissa | Book | Focuses on the Somavamshi period. |
| Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation | Book | Comprehensive overview of temple styles. |
| Debala Mitra, 'Orissa' (Archaeological Survey of India) | book | Comprehensive overview of Orissan temple architecture. |