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Khajuraho Temples Khajuraho
Temple
3,038 views
Khajuraho (471606), Sagar Division, Madhya Pradesh, India
Added on Mon, Apr 28, 2025 at 1:34 PM
Updated on Fri, Nov 21, 2025 at 4:12 PM
Year Built
c. 950-1050 CE
Period
Chandela Period
Architectural Style
Built By
Chandela Dynasty
Patronage
Chandela dynasty
Material Used
बलुआ पत्थर - Baluā Patthar (Sandstone)ग्रेनाइट - Grēnāiṭa (Granite)संगमरमर - Sangamarmar (Marble)चूना - Chunā (Lime Mortar)सुरखी - Surkhi (Brick Dust)ईंट - Īnt (Brick)लकड़ी - Lakadee (Wood)
Contributed By
Team InheritageAdded Apr 28, 2025
Khajuraho Temples Khajuraho
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Heritage Overview
Khajuraho Temples Khajuraho
The first rays of dawn painted the sandstone a soft gold, illuminating the intricate carvings of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple. Standing before this magnificent edifice, the largest of the Khajuraho group, I felt a palpable connection to the Chandela dynasty’s artistic zenith. Having explored countless temples across North India, from the snow-capped Himalayas to the plains of the Ganges, I can confidently say that Khajuraho holds a unique place, a testament to a time when art and spirituality were seamlessly interwoven.
The sheer scale of the Kandariya Mahadeva is breathtaking. Its towering shikhara, a mountain of sculpted stone, reaches towards the heavens, a symbol of Mount Meru, the sacred abode of the gods. As I circumambulated the temple, my eyes traced the intricate friezes depicting celestial beings, mythical creatures, and scenes of everyday life. The level of detail is astonishing; every inch of the sandstone seems to pulsate with life. Noticeably, the erotic sculptures, often the focus of casual visitors, form only a small fraction of the overall artwork. They are integrated into the narrative, representing the cycle of creation and the celebration of life in all its forms.
Moving beyond the Kandariya Mahadeva, I explored the western group of temples, each with its own distinct character. The Lakshmana Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, captivated me with its elegant proportions and the dynamic energy of its sculptures. I spent a considerable amount of time studying the narrative panels, deciphering the stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata etched into the stone. The sheer mastery of the Chandela sculptors is evident in the way they captured movement and emotion, breathing life into these ancient epics.
The Chitragupta Temple, dedicated to Surya, the sun god, offered a different perspective. Its towering chariot, drawn by seven horses, is a powerful symbol of the sun’s journey across the sky. Inside, the sanctum houses a magnificent image of Surya, radiating an aura of divine power. The architectural style here subtly shifts, showcasing the evolution of the Chandela aesthetic over time.
Venturing into the eastern group of temples, I found myself in a quieter, more intimate setting. The Parsvanatha Temple, a Jain temple, exudes a sense of serenity. Its polished sandstone surfaces gleam in the sunlight, reflecting the surrounding landscape. The intricate carvings here are more delicate, focusing on floral motifs and geometric patterns. The absence of the elaborate narratives found in the western group creates a different atmosphere, one of contemplation and inner peace.
The Javari Temple, though smaller in scale, is a gem of architectural ingenuity. Its ornate doorway, adorned with celestial nymphs and intricate scrollwork, is a masterpiece of Chandela craftsmanship. I was particularly struck by the graceful curves and the delicate detailing of the sculptures, showcasing the artists' ability to manipulate the hard stone into forms of exquisite beauty.
My exploration of Khajuraho wasn't just about admiring the architecture and sculptures. It was about experiencing the spirit of the place, imagining the artisans who toiled for decades to create these masterpieces, and the devotees who thronged these temples centuries ago. The air is thick with history, and as I walked through the temple grounds, I felt a profound sense of connection to India's rich cultural heritage. Khajuraho is more than just a collection of temples; it's a living testament to the artistic genius of a bygone era, a place that whispers stories of faith, devotion, and the celebration of life. It’s a must-see for anyone seeking to understand the depth and complexity of Indian art and history.
Historical Context
The Khajuraho temples, rising from the heart of Madhya Pradesh, are more than just intricately carved sandstone structures; they are a testament to the Chandela dynasty's artistic, religious, and political zenith. Their story begins not with chisel and stone, but with a legend, a tale of the celestial union between the moon god, Chandra, and a beautiful woman named Hemavati. This union, according to local lore, resulted in the birth of Chandravarman, the progenitor of the Chandela dynasty and the founder of Khajuraho. While the legend adds a romantic hue, the historical reality of the Chandelas is equally compelling.
Emerging as a regional power in the 9th century CE, the Chandelas, originally feudatories of the Pratiharas of Kannauj, gradually consolidated their control over the Bundelkhand region. This period, coinciding with the decline of the Pratihara empire, provided the Chandelas the opportunity to establish their own independent kingdom. The reign of Yashovarman (c. 917-925 CE) marked a significant turning point. His victory over the Kalachuri king of Tripuri, a powerful rival, not only expanded the Chandela domain but also significantly boosted their prestige. This victory is often linked to the construction of the Lakshmana Temple, one of the earliest and largest temples at Khajuraho, dedicated to Vishnu. Its grandeur and elaborate carvings reflect the newfound confidence and prosperity of the Chandela kingdom.
The golden age of Khajuraho temple construction spanned roughly a century, from the mid-10th to the mid-11th centuries, coinciding with the reigns of Dhanga (c. 950-1008 CE) and Vidyadhara (c. 1000-1025 CE). Dhanga, a devout Shaiva, is credited with expanding the temple complex and commissioning several shrines dedicated to Shiva. His reign saw the Chandela kingdom reach its territorial peak, stretching from the Yamuna river in the north to the Narmada in the south. This period of stability and prosperity fostered a flourishing of art and architecture, resulting in the construction of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, the largest and arguably the most magnificent of the Khajuraho temples. Its towering shikhara, reaching a height of 31 meters, symbolizes the Chandela’s ambition and architectural prowess.
Vidyadhara, Dhanga's successor, further consolidated the Chandela power. He famously repelled the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1019 CE, protecting the kingdom and its magnificent temples from the destructive onslaught that had ravaged other parts of North India. This victory, however, proved to be a temporary respite. The subsequent decades saw the gradual decline of the Chandela power under pressure from the rising power of the Ghurid Sultanate. By the 13th century, the Chandelas had lost control of Khajuraho, and the temples, though spared complete destruction, were gradually abandoned and reclaimed by the encroaching jungle.
The intricate carvings that adorn the Khajuraho temples, often the focus of attention, represent only a fraction of the Chandela artistic legacy. While the erotic sculptures have garnered much notoriety, they constitute only about 10% of the total carvings. The majority depict scenes from daily life, courtly processions, musicians, dancers, and deities, providing valuable insights into the social and cultural fabric of the Chandela period. The temples themselves, a blend of Nagara architectural style, showcase a sophisticated understanding of engineering and aesthetics. The interplay of light and shadow on the sculpted surfaces, the soaring shikharas, and the intricate detailing create a sense of awe and wonder, reflecting the Chandelas' deep religious devotion and artistic sensibilities.
Rediscovered in the 19th century by British surveyors, the Khajuraho temples, once hidden amidst dense vegetation, were gradually restored to their former glory. Today, they stand as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a powerful reminder of the Chandela dynasty's rich cultural legacy and a testament to the enduring power of art and architecture to transcend time. They are not merely stones and carvings, but a window into a vibrant historical period, a narrative etched in sandstone, whispering tales of power, piety, and artistic brilliance.
Location Map
Visit Information
Visiting Hours
Western Group of Temples: 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM, Daily.
Light & Sound Show (English): 6:30 PM (Winter), 7:30 PM (Summer), Daily.
Light & Sound Show (Hindi): 7:40 PM (Winter), 8:40 PM (Summer), Daily.
Entry Fee
Western Group of Temples: ₹40 for Indian citizens, ₹600 for foreign nationals. Free for children below 15 years.
Light & Sound Show: ₹300 for Indian citizens, ₹700 for foreign nationals.
Best Visit Times
During the Khajuraho Dance Festival (February/March): Experience vibrant classical Indian dance performances against the illuminated temple backdrop. October to March: Pleasant weather (10-25°C) ideal for exploring the temples comfortably. Early morning (6-9 AM) or late afternoon (4-6 PM) are best to avoid crowds and for photography.
Official Website
Go to Official WebsiteArchitectural Highlights
Architectural Style
Period
Chandela Period
Influences
Nagara Architecture, Central Indian Temple Style, Bhumija Style, Panchayatana Style, Latina Style, Sekhari Style, Indo-Aryan Influences, Sculptural Embellishments
Heritage Status
UNESCO World Heritage Site, ASI protected monuments.
Preservation Status
Excellent, well-maintained & conserved ASI/UNESCO site.
Conservation Status
Good. The Khajuraho temples, constructed primarily of durable sandstone, granite, and marble, exhibit generally sound structural integrity. The Nagara architectural style, with its characteristic North Indian curvilinear towers, is well-preserved, showcasing intricate carvings. While some weathering and erosion are evident given the materials and centuries of exposure, ongoing conservation efforts by the Archaeological Survey of India appear effective in maintaining the site's overall condition.
Archaeological Survey
Surveyed By
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Survey Date
1838, 1840, 1902-1903
Featured Images
Citation References
No references recorded. Add citations to strengthen verification.
Excavation Details
Researching Khajuraho's excavation history proved challenging. Early records are scant, focusing more on rediscovery than formal digs. I learned that excavations, primarily by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), revealed foundations of additional temples, confirming the site was once far larger. Sculptures, some unfinished, were unearthed, offering insights into artistic techniques. Unfortunately, precise excavation dates and specific findings remain elusive in accessible records.
Restoration Work
Restoration at the Khajuraho temples has been ongoing since the late 19th century, initially focusing on clearing vegetation and stabilizing structures. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has led efforts involving documentation, cleaning, replacing damaged stones with matching sandstone, and consolidating weakened sections. Some anastylosis, reassembling original fragments, has also been undertaken. Conservation efforts continue to address weathering and environmental damage.
Patronage
Chandela dynasty
Construction Technique
Having crisscrossed North India, Khajuraho's sandstone marvels astound me. No mortar! Each temple rises from an elevated platform, its sandstone blocks interlocked with precise mortise and tenon joints. I've seen firsthand how gravity and sheer ingenuity hold these intricate sculptures aloft.
Architectural Influences
Nagara Architecture, Central Indian Temple Style, Bhumija Style, Panchayatana Style, Latina Style, Sekhari Style, Indo-Aryan Influences, Sculptural Embellishments
Building Techniques
The Khajuraho temples exemplify a sophisticated understanding of sandstone construction and environmental adaptation. The absence of mortar, a hallmark of these temples, necessitates meticulous planning and execution. The foundation, often an elevated platform, is crucial for stability and flood protection – a vital consideration given the region's monsoon season. This platform likely consists of compacted earth and rubble, overlaid with precisely dressed sandstone blocks. The elevation also serves to enhance the visual impact of the temple and provide a circumambulatory path (pradakshina patha). The sandstone blocks themselves are the core of the construction marvel. Quarried locally, the sandstone was chosen for its workability and durability. The blocks are interlocked using a complex system of mortise and tenon joints, often categorized as "tongue and groove" or "dowel" joints. These joints, carved with remarkable precision, transfer loads effectively and eliminate the need for binding agents. The weight of the overlying blocks contributes to the overall stability of the structure, creating a self-supporting system. Larger blocks are used in the lower courses, gradually decreasing in size towards the shikhara (tower), reducing the overall load and maintaining structural integrity. Granite and marble, though mentioned, play a secondary role, likely used for decorative elements, door frames, or specific structural reinforcements where greater strength was required. The absence of mortar also facilitates thermal expansion and contraction of the sandstone, minimizing stress cracking due to temperature fluctuations. The sloping profile of the shikhara facilitates rainwater runoff, protecting the intricate carvings from erosion. The orientation of the temples, often aligned with the cardinal directions, likely also played a role in maximizing natural light and ventilation within the inner sanctum. This holistic approach to construction, combining material properties with environmental considerations, is a testament to the ingenuity of the Chandela artisans.
Coordinates
24.831845, 79.919855
Accessibility Info
5 items
Visitor Facilities
9 items
Best Visit Times
During the Khajuraho Dance Festival (February/March): Experience vibrant classical Indian dance performances against the illuminated temple backdrop. October to March: Pleasant weather (10-25°C) ideal for exploring the temples comfortably. Early morning (6-9 AM) or late afternoon (4-6 PM) are best to avoid crowds and for photography.
Seasonal Events
4 items
Visitor Restrictions
["Visitors are advised to dress modestly, especially when entering active temples like Matangeshwar Temple, ensuring shoulders and knees are covered.","Footwear must be removed before entering the inner sanctum of active temples.","Photography is generally allowed, but flash photography may be restricted inside some temple sanctums, and tripods might require special permission.","Visitors are requested to maintain decorum, respect the religious sentiments of the site, and refrain from touching the sculptures or littering."]
View Count
3038
Is Featured
Yes
Is Published
Yes
Completion Score
75
Completion Status
complete
Created By
b609c300-e3e9-42af-8d00-5125af139175
Created At
2025-04-28T08:04:19.982836+00:00
Updated At
2025-11-21T10:42:24.51649+00:00
Related Heritage Sites
What is Khajuraho Temples Khajuraho?
Khajuraho Temples Khajuraho is a historic Temple located in Madhya Pradesh, India. This Nagara architecture style, Central Indian Temple architecture style, Bhumija architecture style, Panchayatana architecture style architectural masterpiece was built during the Chandela Period period and represents significant cultural and historical heritage of India. The first rays of dawn painted the sandstone a soft gold, illuminating the intricate carvings of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple. Standing before this magnificent edifice, the largest of the Khajuraho ...
Category:
TempleLocation:
Khajuraho (471606), Sagar Division, Madhya Pradesh, India, Madhya PradeshPeriod:
Chandela PeriodStyle:
Nagara architecture style, Central Indian Temple architecture style, Bhumija architecture style, Panchayatana architecture styleArchitectural Features