Located in the heart of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, the Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex marks the site traditionally believed by Hindus to be the exact birthplace of Lord Krishna. Specifically, it encompasses the location of the prison cell where King Kamsa incarcerated Krishna's parents, Vasudeva and Devaki, and where Krishna manifested. The site's history is ancient but tumultuous, characterized by cycles of destruction and reconstruction spanning nearly two millennia. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests the presence of religious structures dating back centuries BCE. A significant temple complex likely existed during the Gupta Empire, possibly built under Chandragupta II Vikramaditya around 400 CE, attesting to Mathura's prominence as a center of Krishna worship. This temple was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni during his raids in 1017 CE. It was rebuilt, only to be demolished again during the Delhi Sultanate, possibly under Sikandar Lodi in the early 16th century. A grand temple, known as the Keshavdeva temple, was subsequently constructed on the site during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (early 17th century) by Raja Veer Singh Deo Bundela of Orchha, known for its magnificence. This iteration met its end in 1670 CE under the orders of Emperor Aurangzeb, a staunch Islamic ruler who pursued policies of destroying prominent Hindu temples. Aurangzeb had the Shahi Eidgah mosque constructed directly adjacent to and partially overlapping the raised plinth of the destroyed Keshavdeva temple, using some of its materials. This juxtaposition of the mosque and the revered Hindu birthplace remains a sensitive issue. The modern temple complex seen today began taking shape in the mid-20th century, primarily through the efforts of industrialists and philanthropists like Jugal Kishore Birla, Jaidayal Dalmia, and others. It includes the Keshavdeva Temple, the Garbha Griha shrine (specifically marking the prison cell birthplace), and the large Bhagavata Bhavan, housing various deities and depicting scenes from Krishna's life. The Krishna Janmasthan complex thus embodies not only profound religious devotion but also a complex and often contested history reflecting centuries of religious conflict and coexistence in India.