The Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, located in the ancient city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, is a sprawling and vibrant temple complex dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi (a form of Parvati) and her consort Sundareswarar (a form of Shiva). Madurai itself boasts immense antiquity, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (c. 3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE), and the temple's origins are believed to be correspondingly ancient, interwoven with the city's founding legends. While early structures undoubtedly existed, the present magnificent complex largely owes its form and grandeur to the Nayaka dynasty, who ruled Madurai from the 16th to 18th centuries after the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire. Key patrons include Vishwanatha Nayak (founder of the Nayaka line in Madurai) and, most notably, Tirumalai Nayak (1623–1659 CE). They undertook massive rebuilding and expansion efforts, particularly after the temple suffered damage during the invasion by Malik Kafur of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Architecturally, the Meenakshi Temple is a quintessential example of Dravidian style at its most exuberant. The vast complex is roughly rectangular, oriented around the shrines of the goddess Meenakshi (who holds primacy here) and Sundareswarar. It is renowned for its fourteen towering gopurams (gateway towers), each covered densely with thousands of brightly painted stucco figures depicting deities, mythological scenes, and animals. The tallest is the southern gopuram, rising nearly 52 meters. Inside, the complex houses numerous mandapams (halls), including the famous Aayiram Kaal Mandapam (Hall of Thousand Pillars, actually around 985), each pillar intricately carved. The sacred Golden Lotus Tank (Potramarai Kulam) lies within the complex. The temple has been the socio-religious and cultural heart of Madurai for centuries, associated with Tamil literary traditions (legendarily hosting the Third Tamil Sangam) and hosting elaborate daily rituals and numerous annual festivals, the most important being the Chithirai festival celebrating the divine marriage of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar.