Shamlaji Temple, situated on the banks of the Meshwo River in the Aravalli district of North Gujarat, is a significant Vaishnava pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Vishnu, worshipped here under various names including Shamlaji (referring to his dark complexion), Gadadhar (mace-bearer), and Sakshi Gopal. While the current temple structure, with its multi-storeyed mandapa and towering shikhara, likely dates from the 11th century onwards with significant renovations possibly reflecting Solanki and later Maratha or Rajput influences, the site itself possesses much deeper historical roots. Archaeological excavations in the vicinity have unearthed remains dating back centuries BCE, including evidence of Buddhist stupas and settlements, indicating that this location was a sacred spot long before the current Vaishnava temple was built. This suggests a pattern common in India where ancient sacred sites were adapted and re-consecrated by successive religious traditions. The temple architecture showcases intricate carvings typical of the region, depicting mythological scenes, deities, animals, and floral patterns. The main deity idol, carved in black stone, is highly revered. Shamlaji is particularly famous for its annual fair, the Kartik Purnima fair, held around the full moon day in the Hindu month of Kartik (October-November). This fair is one of the largest tribal fairs in Gujarat, attracting vast crowds of devotees and tribal communities, especially Bhils, from both Gujarat and neighboring Rajasthan. It features religious rituals, devotional singing, folk dances, and extensive trading of cattle, camels, crafts, and other goods, making it a vibrant socio-religious and economic event with deep historical roots. The temple's continuous importance as a pilgrimage destination and the enduring tradition of the Kartik Purnima fair highlight its central role in the religious and cultural landscape of North Gujarat for centuries.